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Bacteria and Archaea Katy Perry and Olivia Neidert • How did the living world begin to diversify? – Three domains • What are some keys to the success of prokaryotes? – Characteristics • How do prokaryotes reproduce? – Lateral gene transfer • What are the major known group of prokaryotes? – Group distinctions • How do prokaryotes affect their environment? – Good and bad bacteria What are they? Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus. Archaea Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that live in extreme environments and have no cell nucleus or any other organelles in their cell. http://rickmallery.wordpress.com/2013/03/06/morni ng-glory-pool/ Eukaryotes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtLE0Ok9FKA&safe=active Cocci Bacilli They all have DNA, machinery for transcription and translation, can produce proteins. Helices Bacteria Biofilms Gram Positive vs Gram Negative All bacteria have peptidoglycan. Which is a cell wall. Bacteria Metabolism How Organisms Obtain Their Energy and Carbon Nutritional Category Energy Source Carbon Source Photoautotrophes Photoheterotrophs Chemolithotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Carbon dioxide Organic compounds Carbon dioxide Organic compounds Light Light Inorganic substance Organic compounds Lateral Gene Transfer It is a mechanism for moving genes between bacteria. Group Distinctions Proteobacteria http://tolweb.org/Prote obacteria/2302 Cyanobacteria http://flickrhivemind.net/Ta gs/cyanobacteria,cyanobakt erien/Interesting Spirochete Chlamydia http://letslivehealthya gain.com/2014/04/30 /lyme-diseasesexually-transmitted/ http://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Chlamy dia_infection vocab • • • • • • • • • • • high-GC Gram-positives (Actinobacteria) Gram-positive bacteria with a relatively high (G+C)/(A+T) ratio of their DNA, with a filamentous growth habit. biofilm A community of microorganisms embedded in a polysaccharide matrix, forming a highly resistant coating on almost any moist surface. bioluminescence The production of light by biochemical processes in an organism. chemoheterotroph An organism that must obtain both carbon and energy from organic substances. (Contrast with chemolithotroph, photoautotroph, photoheterotroph.) chemolithotroph [Gk. lithos: stone, rock] An organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances from its environment; also called chemoautotroph. (Contrast with chemoheterotroph, photoautotroph, photoheterotroph.) endospore [Gk. endo: within + spora: to sow] In some bacteria, a resting structure that can survive harsh environmental conditions. flagellum (fla jell′ um) (plural: flagella) [L. flagellum: whip] Long, whiplike appendage that propels cells. Prokaryotic flagella differ sharply from those found in eukaryotes .Gram stain A differential purple stain useful in characterizing bacteria. The peptidoglycan-rich cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria stain purple; cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria generally stain orange. peptidoglycan The cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entire cell. photoautotroph An organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide. (Contrast with chemolithotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoheterotroph.) photoheterotroph An organism that obtains energy from light but must obtain its carbon from organic compounds. (Contrast with chemolithotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoautotroph.) References • • • • • http://www.yourdictionary.com/archaebacteria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen http://myrome.org/portal/e-coli-bacteria-type http://phys.org/news/2013-08-high-angle-helix-bacteria.html Sadava, Hillis, Heller, Berenbaum. 2011. Life The Science of Biology