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The Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia . Sumer : Canaan DO NOWList several reasons as to why people would decide to settle along a river? Mesopotamia’s Legacy -what was left to us by this civilization? The Legacy of Mesopotamia The earliest existing set of written laws, known as Hammurabi’s Code, established rules and punishments for Babylonians. A one-God religion known as Judaism Government- formal SUMER: To measure the passage of time Calendar Based on the phases of the moon Crescent moon meant the begin of the month Sumerians year was short 11 days which meant they couldn’t accurately predict the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers or when the crops should be harvested. They eventually learned to add an extra month. Watches The changing positions of the stars, planets and moon Astronomy- stars study of the • Learned to recognize planets and constellations • Learn to foresee ECLIPSES Thought to be a bad omen Astrology – belief that the movement of the stars and planets affect/influence the lives of men and women and Astrology Medicine Physicians and veterinarians Potion and ointments from natural ingredients - Flowers Roots Leaves Nuts Snake skins’ Turtle shells Recorded temperature, pulse, skin color Promote proper hygiene 3000 BC = invention of soap Cosmetics *real cure of illness was to please the angry gods which sent the demons to invade the body MATH More Legacies The wheel-wagon was believed to have been made by the Sumerians. It was made of planks of wood joined together. The picture below briefly describes the stages of development of the wagon. Base ten and decimals - Place value - Right angle - Square - Hypotenuse Vocabulary Drought Famine Surplus Barter Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Vocabulary city-state Ziggurat Cuneiform Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi Sumer Babylon Empire DO NOW: On the last page of packet: On the chart, fill in 8 of Mesopotamia’s legacies What does Mesopotamia mean? It means: Land between two rivers. The Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers. A Challenging Environment the overflow of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers were “UNPREDICTABLE!” These overflows caused floods and destroyed many villages. Droughts Quite the opposite of an overflow. This is when there is a long period of dry weather. What can a drought do to a civilization? 1. Turn fertile soil to dust 2. Shrivel crops 3. Cause a widespread lack of food or FAMINE! Taming Rivers They built CANALS and DIKES [DAMS]. The flooding of the rivers left deposits of silt which was excellent for crops. Silt – rocks, pebbles, minerals, from the bottom- created fertile land – This is where historians believe farming began Climate DRY……little rain Irrigation (trap water)….HOW? leads to a SURPLUS: extra supply of food Mesopotamia’s Lively Trade BARTER- to exchange goods or services without using money. ..There was a NEED!! caravans – groups of travelers bazaars – markets selling different kinds of goods SumerWho [city-state] were the Sumerians? earliest group to inhabit the Middle East region known as Mesopotamia First to create technology associated with farming such as the wheel and irrigation NOMADS that settled in lower Mesopotamia. Many of the things we take for granted today can be traced back directly to the ingenuity and creativity of the Sumerian culture. City-State- VERY IMPORTANT!!! A self-governing city [had it’s own leader] and the land surrounding it. Shared customs-ways of doing something Shared religious beliefs Worked together to meet their basic needs. Army Spoke the same language BUT they don’t have……………. City-State – cont’d NO CENTRAL GOVERNMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Unlike the USA Much conflict: Why? Because no unity, separate rulers Wars over lands, river use DO NOW: in your notebook LIST 6 traits of a CITY-STATE Temples for Gods People did not worship rulers Built Ziggurats: temples for gods and goddesses Most important building in the city HIGH so they would be closer to the gods Stairs used for gods to DESCEND-come to the earth Examples of ziggurats Sumerian Writing The first to create a system of writing CUNEIFORM: Sumerian system of writing – used symbols Kept records Pictographs What does picture writing do well? What advantages does picture writing have? Students may note that pictographs can represent nouns, small numbers, and some prepositions—“Two men on horseback.” Students may note that even those without specialized knowledge could potentially understand it. What are its weaknesses? Students should note that pictographic images have a limited ability to communicate such things as abstractions, sounds and certain parts of speech. Can a pictograph convey what the word it is depicting sounds like? Writing in ancient Mesopotamia arose from necessity— specifically, the need to keep records. Gradually, civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley became more urbanized. Eventually, a number of complex systems developed: political, military, religious, legal, and commercial. Writing The First Writing: Cuneiforms- on clay Imagine that in an instant all knowledge of alphabetic writing disappeared. Only the drawing of simple pictures remained as the means of written communication. Brainstorm: What would be some of the most essential things for which you would need signs? Which objects and ideas are the ones you would make sure were standardized and learned right away? Babylon Upstream from Sumer Built an empire because they took from the Sumerians Hanging Gardens of Babylon Garden = palace rooms Seventh Wonder of the World Had many levels Built by King Nebuchadnezzar as a birthday present for the queen. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLlroENeNHk&feature=play er_embedded DO NOW -on this page Written LAWS: Why do we need them? Give good reasons. LAWS First to write down the laws First lawgiver – HAMMURABI Code of Hammurabi –first law recorded- 282 laws- 44 columns Harsh punishments “Eye for an Eye” codes # 196-223 Code written on stone in the center of town. Hammurabi’s Code The carving on the stone on which the code is written depicts Hammurabi receiving the divine laws from the sun god, the god most often associated with justice. code protecting all classes of Babylonian society, including women and slaves. protection of the weak from the powerful the poor from the rich. Code #8 “If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belonged to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirty fold; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.” With an example such as this, students are able to see the ways that the Code worked to reinforce class distinctions as it also established specific punitive rules for social order. If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then the builder shall be put to death. (Another variant of this is, If the owner's son dies, then the builder's son shall be put to death.) If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. If anyone steals the minor son of another, he shall be put to death. If anyone brings an accusation against a man, and the accused goes to the river and leaps into the river, if he sinks in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river proves that the accused is not guilty, and he escapes unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser. If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death. If a man puts out the eye of an equal, his eye shall be put out. If a man knocks the teeth out of another man, his own teeth will be knocked out. If anyone strikes the body of a man higher in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public. If anyone opens his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water floods his neighbor's field, he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss. If a judge tries a case, reaches a decision, and presents his judgment in writing; and later it is discovered that his decision was in error, and it was his own fault, he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case and be removed from the judge's bench. Do Now: on this page Yesterday, we discussed several of Hammurabi’s codes. Would you have wanted to live under the Codes of Hammurabi? Why or why not? DO NOW: on this page What 3 facts about JUDAISM do you recall learning, when we did Religions of the World? Birth of Judaism Ancient Hebrews From the Bible, lived in Mesopotamia Judaism: religion, today 17 million people Origins of Judaism Leader: Abraham, led across the Fertile Crescent Canaan: area reached by Abraham between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea Canaan Captivity in Egypt Famine strikes Canaan Move to Egypt…enslaved Moses: raised by Pharaoh Led Hebrew out of slavery- PASSOVER Ten Commandments Mount Sinai: where the Hebrews lived, where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments: basis of laws for the Hebrews * Answers may be Writing Laws/ used more than Gov’t once Sumerians Babylonians Hebrews Religion Idea of one God Polytheism: Worship many gods Popular at this time Monotheism: belief in one god Hebrews were the first groupin their area- to worship one god They saw God as just and allimportant Judaism The religion practiced by the Israelites was very different from other religions practiced in the ancient world. The Ten Commandments are the core beliefs of Judaism. Judaism has influenced other major religions of the world. Wisdom of Solomon Solomon: leader- name means “peace” Organized the kingdom of Israel He had lots of wisdom Story of the baby Review song: http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=c1g60SSGmeY&safe=active Although Solomon was young, he soon became known for his ________. The first and most famous incident of his cleverness as a judge was when two women came to his court with a baby whom both women claimed as their own. Solomon threatened to ___________________. One woman was prepared to accept the decision, but the other woman _____________________________ __________. Solomon then knew the _________ woman was the mother.