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Galaxies on a Collision Course in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Image http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/the_universe_collection/pr2004007d/ Stars, (including our sun) are spheres of hot, glowing gas. Stars give off 2 types of electromagnetic radiation: visible light radio waves Electromagnetic Radiation (Wave)- is a transverse wave that does not need a medium to travel through; therefore it is able to travel through space. Short wavelengths Long wavelengths R.O.Y.G.B.I.V All these waves can travel through space because they do not need a medium. Wavelength (metres) long short low Frequency high R (Hz) O Y G B I V Spectrograph – breaks the light from an object into colors and photographs the resulting spectrum; this allows astronomers to identify the chemical composition and temperature of a star; each element has a unique set of lines on a spectrum Astronomers infer how hot a star is by comparing its spectrum with the known spectra of elements at different temperatures. Stars at different temperatures produce different spectra. Universe is defined as all of space and everything in it Galaxy is a cluster of stars, gases, and dust held together by gravity We are part of the Milky Way Galaxy; nearest galaxy is Andromeda Galaxy Spiral Galaxy NGC 3949 http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/the_universe_collection/pr1994002c/ Proxima Centauri is the nearest star (with the exception of our sun), it is 4.5 light-years away Distances to stars are SO large they are measured in lightyears the distance light travels in one year at a speed of 300,00 km per second or 9.5 million million km; light-year is a unit of distance, NOT time! http://www.daviddarling.info/images/ Proxima_Centauri.jpg Proxima Centauri is the nearest star (with the exception of our sun), it is 4.5 lightyears away 1. Size 2. Color and Temperature 3. Brightness SIZE: in order from smallest to largest Neutron Star smallest White Dwarf Medium size stars (our Sun) Red Giants Super Giants largest http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula_collection/ Light Echoes From Red Supergiant Star V838 Monocerotis – September 2002 Our Sun is a medium size star- here it is compared to the planets in our solar system Ex. in the constellation Orion the Hunter, Betelgeuse is the red star in his shoulder (5, 500 o C) and Rigel is the blue-white star in his heel (over 15,000 oC) – a star’s color reveals its temperature! Red is the coolest Blue is the hottest Ex. in the constellation Orion the Hunter, Betelgeuse is the red star in his shoulder (5, 500 o C) and Rigel is the blue-white star in his heel (over 15,000 oC) Ex. in the constellation Orion the Hunter, Betelgeuse is the red star in his shoulder (5, 500 o C) and Rigel is the blue-white star in his heel (over 15,000 oC) AKA: brightness or luminosity or magnitude The brightness of a star depends on its size and temperature How bright a star looks from Earth depends on: 1. how far the star is from Earth AND 2. how bright the star actually is (absolute magnitude) http://stloe.most.go.th/html/lo_index/LOcanada9/907/1_en.htm ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE – THE BRIGHTNESS THE STAR WOULD HAVE IF IT WERE A STANDARD DISTANCE FROM EARTH APPARENT MAGNITUDE – THE STAR’S BRIGHTNESS AS SEEN FROM EARTH; HOW BRIGHT THE STAR “APPEARS” TO BE Stars don’t last forever. Each star is born, goes through its life cycle, and eventually dies. Astronomers study many stars and see how they differ from each other. •a nebula is a large amount of gas and dust spread out in an immense volume Gravity begins to pull some of the gas and dust in the nebula together to form a ‘protostar’ Crab Nebula 1. A large amount of gas and dust spread out in an immense volume in the nebula 2. In the nebula gravity begins to pull some of the gas and dust together and it becomes more and more dense. 3. The contracting gas and dust become so hot that nuclear fusion starts and enormous amounts of energy are released; 4. this is the earliest stage in a star’s life; a protostar Horsehead Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula_collection/ A Perfect Storm of Turbulent Gases in the Omega/Swan Nebula The Cat's Eye Nebula: Dying Star Creates Fantasy-like Sculpture of Gas and Dust Gas Pillars in the Eagle Nebula: Pillars of Creation in a Star-Forming Region The Spirograph Nebula The Cone Nebula Veil Nebula How long a star lives depends on how much mass it has. Stars with less mass last longer than stars with more mass! Small stars use up their fuel more slowly than large stars so they have much longer lives! Small mass = long life Medium-sized stars like the sun can live for up to 10 billion years- (astronomers think the sun is about 4.6 billion years large mass = short life old so it is almost halfway through its lifetime) White Dwarf-the remaining blue-white hot core of a red giant after the outer part has drifted away *about the size of Earth with the mass of the sun *have no fuel but glow faintly from leftover Ancient, White Dwarf Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy White Dwarf, the final stage of a dying star, the bright white center is the star and the colors around is the gasses being expelled from the center Black Dwarf: These are what remain of a dead white dwarf star after the heat has radiated into space. www.moonpebble.us/Images/BlackDwarf.jpg http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula_collection/ Supersonic Shock Wave Heats Gas Ring Around Supernova 1987A S U P E R N O V A Details of Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A Gaseous Ring Around Supernova 1987A An explosion of a giant or supergiant some material expands into space and can become part of a nebula to form a ‘recycled star’ a tinya star tiny star that that remains remains afterafter a supernova; a supernova; science.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NG... Neutron Star A tiny star that remains after a supernova An artist's rendering shows a neutron star—located 50,000 light-years from Earth—that flared up so brightly in December 2004 that it temporarily blinded all the x-ray satellites in space and lit up the Earth's upper atmosphere. The flare-up occurred when the star's massive, twisting magnetic field ripped open its crust, releasing an explosion of gamma rays. http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/search.php?method=and&format=normal&sort=score&config=picturealbum&restrict=entire_collection% 2Fpr&exclude=&words=black+hole&Submit=Search+site&page=2 Black Hole-Powered Spiral Galaxy NGC 7742 Dust Disk Surrounds a Massive Black Hole in Elliptical Galaxy BLACKHOLES: the remains of a massive star pulled into a small volume by gravity; these are the most massive stars, 40x more massive than the sun; force/pull of gravity is so strong that nothing can escape, not even light graph used by astronomers; also called the H-R Diagram shows the relationship between the surface temperature and the brightness(magnitude/luminosity) of stars Here × marks the sun Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: main sequence Most of the points form a diagonal band called the main sequence (this includes more than 90% of all stars) surface temperature increases as brightness increases http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/s upport/HR_init.swf http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/s upport/HR_animated.swf http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/s upport/HR_static.swf Quasar: http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire_collection/pr2003015c/ A distant galaxy with a black hole at its center Andromeda Galaxy Our closest neighboring galaxy Hubble's Sweeping View of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/galaxy_collection/pr2008024a/ Types of Galaxies Type Description of Shape Spiral Galaxy Arms that spiral outward, like pinwheels Elliptical Looks like flattened balls; Example Milky Way there is little gas and dust between the stars; most contain only old stars Irregular Does not have a regular shape; Smaller than spiral and elliptical The Large Magellanic Cloud http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/galaxy_collection/+1 Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300 The Tadpole Galaxy: Distorted Victim of Cosmic Collision Spiral Galaxy M100 Grand Design Spiral Galaxy M81 Whirlpool Galaxy and Companion Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/galaxy_collection/+1 Spiral Galaxy NGC 3949: A Galaxy Similar to the Milky Way science.nationalgeographic.com Galaxy Centaurs A NGC 1316, a giant elliptical galaxy formed billions of years ago when two spiral galaxies merged : www.britannica.com Cigar Galaxy NGC1427A Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy Moving Galaxies - Astronomers use information about how galaxies are moving as one way to develop ideas about how the universe formed. By examining the visible light spectrum of a galaxy, astronomers can tell how fast the galaxy is moving toward or away from our galaxy (the Milky Way). Only a few of the nearby galaxies are moving toward us, most are moving away. Edwin Hubble, an American astronomer discovered that the farther away a galaxy is from us the faster it is moving away from us. The Hubble Space Telescope was named in his honor. Origin of the Universe – Big Bang Theory states that the universe began with an enormous explosion about 10 to 15 billion years ago. Since that explosion the universe has continued to expand. (p. 302, Fig. 20 and Fig. 21 on p. 303) About 5 billion years ago, a cloud of gas and dust (nebula) collapsed to form our solar system