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Knowledge of Language Signposts How words are made This group of signposts should be considered in conjunction with the school’s phonics programme 26 letters in the alphabet Vowels & Consonants The letter y can be a vowel or a consonant Parts of words Prefix/Stem/Suffix Syllables Word families Types of words Noun Common nouns Singular/Plural Nouns ‘Shall’ after I/we Present participle (__ing) past participle (__ed) ‘Will’ after he/she/you/it/they Active/Passive Voice Positive Comparative (r/er) Superlative (st/est) Adjective Adverb Use comparatives and superlatives to convey tone or enthusiasm Adverbs of manner (-ly) Pronoun Adverbs of place, time, or degree And But Because Prepositions Adverbial phrases Relative pronouns (who, which, what, that, whom) Personal pronouns Conjunction Abstract nouns Proper nouns Infinitive verb (to__) Verb Stem and suffix (suffix indicating tense) Verb Collective nouns And But – change/contrast Since/because - reason If - condition Use a range of conjunctions Conjunctions can go at the beginning of sentences: e.g. Although Repeating/omitting conjunctions for effect Between (two) Among (more than two) Prepositions of time and place How Words Are Put Together: A sentence is a group of words that make sense standing on their own. A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. A sentence has a subject and a predicate. The predicate includes a verb. Full stops, exclamation marks and question marks indicate that a sentence has ended. Punctuation also gives the added information that the sentence is a statement, question or exclamation. Punctuation can be used to separate parts of a sentence. Common conjunctions, e.g. And But Because Sentences can be joined together with conjunctions. Conjunction have different purposes: And But – change/contrast Because - reason Since – reason If – condition Repeating/ omitting conjunctions for effect A paragraph is a collection of sentences which are all about the same subject. Start a new paragraph when changing to a new topic, a different aspect of the topic, or the next part in the sequence The first sentence of a paragraph is most often the topic sentence. Add similar points using words/phrases such as: Furthermore In the same way Similarly Recognise pausing punctuation A comma is used as a pause between items in a list of items. A comma shows a pause in a sentence. A colon is an ‘introducing pause’. It points forward to a quotation, an explanation or a more detailed description. Punctuation belonging to the direct speech goes inside the speech marks. The full stop is replaced by a comma if the direct speech is followed by a verb of speaking. An apostrophe can indicate a missing letter in an abbreviation. An apostrophe is used with the letter ‘s’ to show possession Speech marks enclose the actual words used by the speaker. Recognise apostrophes Complex sentences have two or more verbs. Subordinate clauses can be introduced by words such as who, which, that, when, after Conjunctions can go at the beginning of sentences, e.g. Although, despite Introduce different points to the previous one using words/phrases such as: Nevertheless On the other hand In contrast Introduce drawing a conclusion using words/phrases such as: As a result of Therefore Consequently Thus A semi colon is a ‘finishing’ pause. It often comes between two statements that contrast or are closely connected. Speech marks should never be used back to back. Take a new paragraph whenever speech marks are opened.. In the singular, apostrophes go before the s In plurals, the apostrophe goes after the s. ‘ it’s ’ means ‘it is’ How words are used 26 letters in the alphabet Similes The alphabet is used to organise words. Metaphor We can locate words in a dictionary quickly by using the alphabet Personification Standard English/Formal English/Informal English Register and Tone Onomatopoeia Alliteration Colloquial language Understand the concept of specialist vocabulary (register) Original idea developed by Humbie Primary School 2009 - 2010