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Oxygen is needed for _______________ Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREATHING AND GASEOUS EXCHANGE? Discuss with a peer. 1 and half minutes After respiration the oxygen gas is changed into ______________, Carbon dioxide If CO2 accumulate it joins with water forming carbonic acid → change pH → affect enzymes REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFICIENT GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM See table pg 205 • Large, moist and thin surface • A transport system • Ventilating mechanism • protection HOW REQUIREMENTS ARE SATISFIED IN DIFFERENT ORGANISMS (SEE PG 206-207) VOLUME TO SURFACE AREA RATIO PG 208 GASEOUS EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN HUMANS AIR PASSAGE: Nasal passage (warmed, moistened and cleaned of dust and germs) → → pharynx → trachea (has c-shaped cartilage to keep it open) Trachea → 2 bronchi → bronchioles → alveolus ADAPTATIONS OF AIR PASSAGES SEE TABLE PG 211 THE LUNGS (PG 213) INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LUNG ADAPTATIONS (PG 214) ACTIVITY 2.4.7 PG 220 NO 1-3 ACTIVITY 2.4.7 PG 220 NO 1-3 1 a) F b) B c) A d) J e) K f) C 2 rib cage Fluid of pleural membrane 3. C- Rib D- intercostal muscle G- Trachea H- Pulmonary artery I- Pulmonary vein BREATHING PRAC 2.4.4 PG 215-216 BREATHING SEE TABLE ON PG 217 Inhalation and exhalation difference. ACT 2.4.5 PG 218 TEST FOR CO2 Clear lime water turned milky in the presence of CO2 MODIFICATION OF BREATHING RATE Can be modified voluntarily within limits . Average of 15 breaths per minute. See flow diagram pg 224- How breathing rate is controlled involuntarily. *Homeostasis GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT AT LUNGS O2 moves from lungs to capillaries and CO2 moves from the capillaries to the lung by DIFFUSION. OXYGEN TRANSPORT Oxygen + haemoglobin (RBC) = oxyhaemoglobin Some also dissolved in plasma. → left side of heart → aorta → all cells of the body. ….GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT AT THE TISSUES: O2 moves from the capillaries to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the capillaries by DIFFUSION. TRANSPORT OF CO2 Mostly: CO2 + H2O (plasma) = carbonic acid → bicarbonate ions Some dissolves in blood plasma Some CO2 + haemoglobin = carbhaemoglobin → Right of heart → lungs ACTIVITY 2.4.9 PG 227-228 AVAILABILITY OF O2 AT HIGH ALTITUDES PG 228 Air at high altitudes is less dense and thus has less O 2 People living high altitudes breath more deeply and quickly, they also have more red blood corpuscles. ACTIVITY 2.4.10 PG 229-230 DISEASES AND ALLERGIES OF THE GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM Allergen- something which causes an allergic reaction Disease- normal functioning is disturbed. SEE TABLE PG 231 ASTHMA HAY FEVER LUNG CANCER TB BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA TB (VIDEO + PG 231-234) CAUSES SPREAD SYMPTOMS TEST VACCINE TREATMENT SMOKING ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
