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Movement State that the skeleton provides a framework for skeleton and muscle attachment State that the skeleton protects the heart, lungs, brain and spinal cord The spine protects the spinal cord. The skull protects the brain. The rib cage protects the lungs. 1 Describe the range of movements allowed by a ball and socket joint and by a hinge joint Where bones of the skeleton meet, joints are formed. Joints allow the skeleton to bend and move in different ways. There are 2 kinds of joint, ball and socket joints and hinge joints. Ball and socket Type of joint Ball and socket Hinge Hinge joint Examples Hip, shoulder Elbow, knee Type of movement move in all three dimensions In one plane only State the functions of ligaments and cartilage at a joint At a joint, the bones are held together by ligaments. 2 Cartilage is found at the ends of the bones and acts as a shock absorber and allows smooth movement. State that bone is composed of flexible fibres and hard minerals Roasting removes the flexibility of bone. The acid removes the hardness from the bone and it now bends easily. State that muscles are attached to bones by tendons Describe how movement is brought about by muscle contraction When a muscle contracts (gets shorter), the tendons pull on the bones and the arm moves. 3 The Need for Energy State the effects of the imbalance between energy input and output The amount of energy needed by a person will vary according to their age, gender, job and lifestyle. We get our energy from our food. If you take in more energy in food than you use, your body will store fat. If you take in less energy in food than you require, your body will lose fat. State that oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide released in breathing You need oxygen to release the energy from your food. In doing this a waste gas, carbon dioxide, is produced. You obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide by breathing. Your lungs are the organs that allow you to do this. Describe the internal structures of the lungs Air passes in to the body through the mouth and nose. It then passes down the trachea. The trachea branches into 2 bronchi which divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends in an air sac or alveoli. 4 The lungs have a very large surface area. They feel spongy and will float in water because they have air in them. They are pinky red in colour because they have a good blood supply. Identify the four chambers of the heart Oxygen and food are carried to all the body’s cells by the blood. Blood is pumped around the body by the heart The heart is made of muscle. There are four chambers in the heart. Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle 5 Describe the path of blood flow through the heart and its associated blood vessels Deoxygenated blood i.e. low in oxygen returns to the heart via the vena cava after travelling to all parts of the body. It enters the heart at the right atrium. The right atrium then pumps blood out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein entering the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps blood out through the aorta to the body. Describe the positions and functions of the heart valves Heart valves stop blood flowing in the wrong direction and allow blood to flow in one direction only. Valves are found between the atria and the ventricles and also as the blood leaves the heart, in the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 6 Explain the difference in thickness of the walls of the ventricles The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria. The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood right round the body and the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs. State that the heart obtains its blood supply from coronary arteries The coronary arteries supply food and oxygen to the heart muscle. When these blood vessels get blocked, you can suffer a heart attack. State that blood leaves the heart in arteries, flows through capillaries and returns to the heart in veins Blood is carried away from the heart in arteries. These arteries carry blood to the body’s organs and tissues. In the organs the arteries split up into a network of tiny tubes called capillaries. Substances are exchanged between the capillaries and the tissues. Blood leaves the tissues in vessels called veins which carry the blood back to the heart. 7 Describe gas exchange between the body cells and the surrounding capillaries Carbon dioxide oxygen Oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the capillary blood across into the body cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the high concentration in the cells into the plasma. State that the pulse indicates that blood is flowing through an artery The heartbeat can be felt as a pulse in arteries which lie just underneath the skin. Pulse can be detected at different parts of the body Describe the function of red blood cells and plasma in the transport of respiratory gases and food Blood is made up of cells floating in a liquid called plasma. The plasma also carries dissolved substances such as carbon dioxide, 8 digested food and waste products. Red blood cells carry oxygen. Co-ordination State that judgement of distance is more accurate using two eyes rather than one As well as detecting pictures, your eye also allows you to judge distances. Having two eyes rather than one makes judgement of distance more accurate. Identify the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve and state their function The eye is the sense organ that you use to detect light. Part of the eye Cornea Lens Iris Retina Optic nerve Function Tough, transparent to let light in and begins to bring it to a focus Focuses light onto the retina Coloured part, muscles control the size of the pupil thereby controlling how much light enters the eye Light is converted to nerve impulses Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain 9 State that the judgement of direction of sound is more accurate using two ears rather than one Your ears, as well as detecting sound, can also help you judge the direction from which the sound is coming. Two ears are better than one at detecting the direction of sound. The sound arrives from each ear at slightly different times, thus giving an indication from where the sound is coming. Identify the ear drum, middle ear bones, cochlea, auditory nerve and semi-circular canals and state their functions The ear is the sense organ you use to detect sound. Part of the ear Function Eardrum Thin membrane set vibrating by sound waves which it passes on to middle ear bones Middle ear Amplify and transmit sound vibrations to bones the cochlea Cochlea Liquid filled tube. Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses Auditory nerve Carries nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain Semi circular Contain liquid which moves in response to canals movements of the head 10 State that the nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves. State that the nerves carry information from the senses to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles The brain sorts out information. The spinal cord sends information to and from the brain. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). Changing Levels of Performance State that continuous or rapidly repeated contraction of muscle results in fatigue If you exercise very hard or for a long time, eventually your muscles will ache. This is called muscle fatigue. The muscles will stop working. 11 State that muscle fatigue results from a lack of oxygen and a build up of lactic acid Muscle fatigue occurs when muscles do not receive enough oxygen and because a waste product, lactic acid, has built up in the muscles. Explain why pulse rate and breathing rate increase with exercise After exercise the breathing rate has increased. This is so that more oxygen can be absorbed into the lungs and blood stream. After exercise the pulse rate has increased. This is so that more food and oxygen can be carried to the muscles. State that with exercise the pulse rate, breathing rate and lactic acid level rise less in an athlete than in an untrained person State that recovery time is the time taken to return to normal levels of pulse rate, breathing rate and lactic acid The graph shows the heart rate before, during and after a period of exercise. Describe how recovery time can be used as an indication of physical fitness In general, the longer your recovery time the less fit you may be. A group of pupils measured their resting pulse rates. They then exercised for 3 minutes and measured their pulse rates 2 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise. 12 They recorded their results in the table below. Condition Resting 2 minutes after exercise 10 minutes after exercise 20 minutes after exercise Pulse Rate (beats/min) Jane Brenda 82 65 120 130 Wilma 77 120 100 70 95 90 65 85 Brenda is the fittest as she took the shortest time to recover. 13