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.
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1. How many bones are in a adult human
2. The two divisions of the human Skeleton
3. Three types of muscle
Voluntary and examples
4. The types of Joints
With examples
5. What is the difference between
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Muscles
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Get out your notebook.
What is Locomotion?
Chapter 14
Human Locomotion
Chapter 14
Human Locomotion
In humans, locomotion involves
the interaction of:
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Muscles
4. Tendons
5. Ligaments
36-1a The Skeleton:
1. Support the body
2. protects of body (internal) organs
3. Anchorage and Leverage for
muscles
4. Stores mineral reserves
5. Bone marrow produces blood cells
Parts of the Skeleton
206 total Bones
Axial Skeleton:
skull/cranium, spinal
column/backbone, ribs and
the breastbone/sternum
Appendicular Skeleton:
arms, legs,scapula, clavicle,
pectoral and pelvic girdles.
36-1b Structure of Bones
Composed mainly of calcium
Made up of living bone cells and connective
fiber tissue
Periosteum: Hard outer layer
Haversian Canals: network of tubes that
contain blood vessels and nerve
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Bone Marrow
Found in hollow cavities of bone
These hollow cavities are known as
the Haversian canals
Produce:
*red blood cells
*white blood cells
*platelets
Figure 36-3
The Structure of Bone
Spongy bone
Haversian
Compact
canal
bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Bone
marrow
Spongy bone
Osteocyte
Artery
Periosteum
Vein
Bone
The Skeletal system
Skull
Axial
Skeleton
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral
column
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Pelvis
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Appendicular
Skeleton
Ossification
The process by which cartilage
gradually changes into bone
Ex: In humans, the skeleton of
an embryo is made up of mostly
cartilage. By adulthood, most of
this cartilage changes into bone
by the process of ossification
Ossification
(II) Cartilage
Unlike bone, cartilage is
flexible and elastic
Found at joints, nose, and ear
Absorbs shock
Do Now
.
Bones
Label the
diagram
Joints
Where bone meets bone in an
organism
Types of Joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
Immovable joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their
Movements
Section 36-1
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Clavicle
Humerus
Ball-andsocket
joint
Radius
Hinge Joint
Scapula
Pivot
joint
Saddle Joint
Ulna
Humerus
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Metacarpals
Tibia
Hinge
joint
Saddle joint
Carpals
Figure 36-5 Knee Joint
Section 36-1
Muscle
Tendon
Femur
Patella
Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia
Immovable Joint
Bones that
are tightly
fitted
together
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Can move in
all directions
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Permits back
and forth
motion
Gliding Joint
Provides
limited
flexibility in
all directions
Do Now 2/9
What are the
Three types of muscle?
(III) Muscles
Three types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary (can be
controlled)
Involved in
locomotion
Attached to bone
Striated in
appearance
(striped)
Function as
antagonistic pairs
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Antagonistic Pairs
Muscles work as
opposites
Ex:
1. Bicep contracts
then triceps
relaxes
2. Triceps contracts
then the bicep
relaxes
Summary
When the bicep contracts, the
arm bends upward (flexes) and
therefore the bicep is known as a
flexor
When the triceps contracts, the
arm extends outward and
therefore the triceps is known as
an extensor
Smooth Muscle
Smooth and not
striated in
appearance
Involuntary (cannot
move)
Found in:
-walls of digestive
organs
-walls of arteries and
veins
-walls of internal
organs
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in
the heart
Striated in
appearance
Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in
the heart
Striated in
appearance
Involuntary
(IV) Attachments
1. Ligaments- connect bone to
bone
2. Tendons- connect muscle to
bone
Tendon
FACT:
Investigated football injuries among children and
adolescents, and the findings have been remarkably
consistent:
* 40% of all football injuries are from sprains and strains
** 25% from contusions (bruises)
*** 10% from fractures
****the remainder primarily from concussions and
dislocations.
These percentages are fairly constant throughout a variety o
age ranges. Distribution tends to be quite consistent:
*50% involve lower extremities
*30% involve upper extremities.
The Knee
Schematic view of a
dislocation of the patella
Apprehension Test
The Knee
Torn ACL
Muscles Specialists
Locomotion Hokey Pokey
Get Ready
Tibia/fibula in
Tibia/fibula out
Tibia/fibula in
(V) Disorders of Locomotion
1. Arthritis- inflammation of the
joints
• Osteo:
• Rheumatoid:
2. Tendonitis- inflammation of a
tendon, usually where it is
attached to the bone
(V) Disorders of Locomotion
Sprains:????
Strains:?????
(V) Disorders of Locomotion
Replacement Surgeries: Knee
Replacement Surgeries: hip
Hip dislocations
Hip dislocations
The most common cause is motor vehicle collisions (6). The
typical mechanism is thought to be due to an unrestrained,
front seat occupant of the vehicle striking their knee
against the dashboard at the time of a sudden deceleration.
Da End!
Treatment
Treatment of an ACL injury begins with proper recognition of the
injury. There are still a few times when an ACL tear is
misdiagnosed. Rehabilitation begins immediately after the injury.
Initial rehab should include ice, gentle knee motion, quad setting,
straight leg raising, and protected weight bearing. The worst thing
that can be done is to not move or use the knee. When the ACL
ruptures, the knee fills with blood, becomes stiff and painful.
Gentle motion will help to milk the blood out of the joint to improve
pain and function. When the knee is not moved the blood in the
joint becomes clotted and sets up like Jell-O. When this occurs,
motion becomes more painful and the removal of the blood takes
longer.
Torn ACL
If the knee joint has been injured, we loose the ability
to perform these functions properly. In the case of the
ACL tear, the knee will feel unstable, and give out. The
old phrase “Trick Knee” is most often associated with
and ACL-deficient knee. When walking or climbing,
the knee will suddenly “give out,” usually to the side,
and the individual falls to the ground.
Rehabilitation
The early phase of the recovery is
•protected
The second
six weeks
of the controlled
to guard
against
new
•rehab
Near three
months
post-op
the controlled
rehab
revolves
around
more
complex
ligament pulling loose from the screws
ends, and the patient continues rehab on his/her
activities.
The
activities
include
complex
that
hold
it
in
place.
As
with
any
own. It is very important to continue strengthening
balance,
lateral
andfill
greater
fracture,
bone
hole
in
withand six
the leg the
during
thismotion,
time. must
Between
three
strength.
Activities
slide
board,point.
new
bonethe
before
thesuch
rehab
become
months
repaired
ACL
isasatcan
its weakest
aDuring
progressive
program,
one-leg
the firstrunning
three process
months
the
tissue
has very
too
aggressive.
This
takes
limited
supply
and is
degrading.
leg
press,
and
balance
with
very The body
about
sixblood
weeks.
slowly brings
the new
vessels into the area
unstable
footing
can blood
be used.
but not fast enough to stop the degradation
process. The athlete must be aware of this so that
he/she does not re-tear the ACL. Rehab should
continue while avoiding cutting and pivoting.
Surgery
The surgical treatment for ACL ruptures can be performed in one
of three ways. One method of repair is to use a patellar bonetendon-bone graft. This technique utilizes the middle one-third of
the patellar tendon with an attached piece of bone from the patella
and tibia. This bone-tendon-bone graft is then used to replace the
damaged ligament. Another surgical method utilizes a graft taken
from the hamstring tendons. The hamstring tendon is used to
replace the torn ACL in the same manner. The third surgical
procedure utilizes a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft from a
cadaver donor. This procedure is most often used in people who
have returned from a previously reconstructed ACL. In all three of
these procedures, drill holes are made in the Tibia and Femur
where the ACL originates. The new ligament is passed through
the holes and held in place with interference screws.
Bones #1
Cranium:
houses and
protects the
brain..
Bone #2
Backbone
- consists
of 33
bones
called
vertebrae
Bone #3
Vertebrae:
are
separated
from each
other to by
discs of
cartilage.
Bones #4
Pectoral Girdle:
consists of the
shoulder blades
and collar
bones. It
connects the
arms and spine.
Bone #5
Hip
bones:
are the
same as
pelvic
bones.
ones #6
Chest cavity: the
area enclosed by
the sternum , ribs
and backbone.
Bones #10
Pelvic Girdle: is
made up of the
hip bone or pelvic
bones , and
connects the legs
and spine.
Skulls:
Skeletons
Do Now 1/16:
Grab a scan-tron
Get out you index cards from
Chapter 14: Locomotion
Skeletons 2
Muscle pictures
More muscles
Cardiac muscles is
found in the heart.
Tendons: skeletal
muscles are attached
to the bones by
strong fibers
connective tissue.
Extensor:when the
triceps muscle extend
the joints.
Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is
going to be out…..
What is a Hallux Rigidus?
What is a Cheilectomy?
Hallux Rigidus
Hallux Rigidus is a degenerative-type
arthritis condition that affects the large joint
at the base of the great toe. A degenerative
arthritis is a condition which results from
wear and tear on the joint surface over
time. The condition may follow an injury
to the joint or, in some cases, may arise
without a well defined injury.
What could happen????
In some cases, bone spurs form on the top of
the joint and can bump together when the big
toe bends upward, or extends. This causes a
problem when walking, because the big toe
needs to bend upward when the foot is behind
the body, getting ready to make the next
step. The constant irritation when the bone
spurs bump together leads to pain and
difficulty walking.
What does a bone spur look
like?
Ouch Shoes Hurt!!!
Lets see those X-rays, Please
Normal
Damaged Goods
How can we fix Mr. Rizzo’s foot?
. . . . MR. RIZZO
. . . . . TOE
Cheilectomy
a procedure that simply removes the
bone spurs at the top of the joint so
that they don't bump together when
the toe extends. This allows the toe
to bend better and reduces the
amount of pain with walking.
Cutting out the bone spur.
This is a
rated “G”
surgery.
Holy Toe !!!!!
Drilling into the bone to develop
future cartilage.
The good stuff!!!! Surgery
To perform a Cheilectomy,
an incision is made along the top of the
joint.
The bone spurs that are blocking the
joint from extending are identified and
removed - from both the bones that make
up the joint.
A little extra bone may be taken off to
ensure that nothing rubs when the Hallux
is raised.
The skin is closed and allowed to heal.
Rest and Recuperation!!!
Ice and Elevate for 48 hours
Watch my soaps
Eat Ice cream, lots of Ice Cream
Play on the computer
Do nothing but be lazy