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From Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Road to War and the US Response The Great American debate over Interventionism or Isolation-1936-40 1.Interventionism argumentbelieved the US should support the Allies against Hitler in any way except actually entering the war. The Great American debate over Interventionism or Isolation-1936-40 2. Isolationism/neut rality argumentbelieved the US should completely stay out of the war TRADITIONAL U.S. FOREIGN POLICY WAS TO AVOID FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world” PRESIDENT WASHINGTON, 1796 Event 1: Germany faces economic collapse Germany severely punished for WWI in Versailles Treaty land in Europe and colonies in Africa taken away War Guilt Clause No air force or navy allowed Only allowed 100,000 troops Had to pay $32 Billion to the countries it fought in WW I Event 1: Germany faces economic collapse Germans like Adolf Hitler began to blame others for the economic problems- Jews US Response US leaders favored isolationism again in 1920s-1930’s US insisted Germany repay war debts to the European nations Dawes Plan: USA loaned money to Germany to pay back war reparations Germany went deeper into debt and never repaid COVER PAGE OF GERMAN EDITIONS OF MEIN KAMPF WRITTEN IN 1924 WHILE HITLER WAS IMPRISONED FOR STAGING A REVOLT Event 2: The Rise of Adolph Hitler MEIN KAMPF: book by Hitler blaming Jews and communists for all of Germany's problems. plans for world conquest. Formed the Nazi Party to promote his views wanted to create a “master race” of Aryans: white western and northern Europeans with blue or green eyes and blonde hair. Hitler did not have blonde hair or blue eyes. Hitler as a baby and young boy Hitler at the height of his power 1938 Hitler EXAMPLES OF NAZI ANTISEMITISM FINAL SOLUTION TO THE JEWISH PROBLEM •Hitler believed that US society was weak by nature •Hitler believed American military was polluted by too many blacks and Jews •Break to video Which German city hosted the 1936 Olympics? Berlin How many gold medals did African American Jesse Owens win during the 1936 Olympics 4 gold medals US Response to the Rise of Hitler FDR, like Hitler, elected in the same year (1932) FDR focused more on solving the America’s economic depression-who cares about Germany!? Military spending not a priority- USA military 15th largest in the world in 1935 FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) What did FDR use to help Americans face the conditions of Great Depression together?______________ Fireside chats, newsreels, photos What 2 things did Hitler use in Germany to get out his message? 1. 2. Radios/messages played over loud speakers Propaganda Films What was the title of Hitler’s book Mein Kampf Event 3: The Rise of Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini “Il Duce” (The Leader) Totalitarian dictator of Italy Led the Fascists -the nation and the Italian race more important than the individual October 1935- Italy invaded Ethiopia Mussolini and Hitler-allies-Hitler admired Mussolini US Response The Neutrality Acts: 193537, US Congress passed a series of isolationist lawsforbid the sale of arms to militarily aggressive nations, like Italy and Ethiopia Event 4: The Rise of Militarism in Japan Japan had a desire expand- to acquire raw materials, Japanese militarists: Emperor is a god wanted Japan to remove the US and all European colonial powers from the Pacific realm and rule Asia themselves Militarists: a strong military (army, navy, air force) should be the most important goal for Japan (Nipon) foreign conquest- a badge of honor for military leaders Event 4: The Rise of Japanese Militarism 1905-took over Manchuria, China and all of Korea 1930s Chinese cities of Shanghai and Beijing attacked and people massacred 1937- Japan invaded china- the “Rape of Nanking” (400,000 murdered; 20,000 women raped) Hirohito was the last Japanese emperor to uphold the idea that Japan’s imperial rulers were gods A Japanese Soldier prepares to behead a man in Nanking, China (left)’ soldier holds a severed head (right) THE JAPANESE USED BOMBING TO TERRORIZE CHINA’s CIVILIAN POPULATION. THEY WERE NEVER SUCCESSFUL IN CONQUERING THE WHOLE COUNTRY CHINESE BABY BURNED AFTER JAPANESE BOMBERS STRIKE SHANGHAI IN 1937 Chinese Rape Victims of the Japanese US Response to the Rise of Japanese Militarism FDR protested the invasions sent $25 million to Chiang Kai Shek to fight Japs A US volunteer flying squadron arrived of “Flying Tigers” and fought the Japs Cancelled 1911 Peace Treaty w/ Japan Still no official military interventionisolationism/neutral Event 5: Hitler annexed The Rhineland, the Sudetenland and Austria to become a part of Germany (1936-39) EUROPEAN LEADERS AT THE MUNICH CONFERENCE THAT GAVE THE SUDETENLAND TO HITLER. A PRIME EXAMPLE OF APPEASEMENT. NO REPRESENTATIVE FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA WAS INVITED TO ATTEND. NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN SPEECH BY HITLER EDOUARD DALADIER The Nazis then Overran all of Czechoslovakia US Response FDR: “the US government has no political involvements in Europe” US continued to stay neutral- stayed out of the negotiations Event 6: The Invasion of Poland/Nazi-Soviet Pact Next, Hitler wanted parts of Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939Hitler and Soviet leader Josef Stalin agreed to divide up Poland and not attack each other Hitler and Stalin-Many Wondered How Long the Honeymoon would last-it didn’t US RESPONSE US tried to get President Moscicki of Poland and Hitler to negotiate, work out a peaceful settlement US Neutrality continued Event 7: World War 2 Begins September 1, 1939: Germany and the USSR invaded Poland Luftwaffe- German airforce Blitzkrieg- lightening warfare, intensive attack involving land and airforces TOOLS OF THE BLITZKRIEG Event 8: World War 2 Begins Polish armies defeated in less than 3 weeks Britain and France declared war on Germany HITLER Next CONQUERed DENMARK, NORWAY, NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG-HITLER SURPRISED THE ALLIES BY HAVING HIS MAIN INVASION THROUGH LUXEMBOURG AND THE ARGONNE FOREST, AFTER FEINTING AN ATTACK THROUGH BELGIUM WHICH DREW THE ALLIED FORCES NORTH. HITLER’S INVASION OF NORTHWESTERN EUROPE ONE THREE TWO FRENCH AND BRITISH TROOPS TRAPPED AT DUNKIRK THE ALLIES WERE TRAPPED AND HAD TO EVACUATE THROUGH THE PORT OF DUNKIRK. “Wars are not won by evacuations”-Winston Churchill AFTER THE GERMANS LEFT DUNKIRK, THEY TURNED SOUTH AND DEFEATED THE REMAINING FRENCH ARMIES JUNE 22, 1940, FRANCE SURRENDERED TO GERMANY. GERMANY WAS MASTER OF ALL EUROPEAN CONTINENT, ITS FACTORIES AND RESOURCES, WITH EXCEPTION OF THE USSR. Only England remained Free. GERMAN TROOPS ENTER PARIS FRENCH WEEP AS THE GERMANS MARCH INTO PARIS HITLER VISITS PARIS FOR THE FIRST AND LAST TIME AUGUST 1940: WHICH NATION WILL BE HITLER’S NEXT TARGET FOR CONQUEST? US Response to Start of WW 2 in Europe US Pledged Support for France and Britain-money and weapons Put a trade Embargo on Soviet Union Got rid of the Neutrality Acts 80% of Americans opposed entry to the war, but most said it was important do what we can to defeat Hitler than stay out of the war GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL “We shall never, ever surrender” Event 9: The Battle of Britain Britain bombarded by the Luftwaffe Winston Churchill: “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat” The Blitz: (1940-1941) 76 straight nights of German bombing raids on British cities Hitler’s Goal: cripple Britain to its knees by bombing and then invade by land AIR RAID WARDEN WATCHED FOR GERMAN BOMBERS ATOP LONDON BUILDING Britain still survived The Blitz failed Churchill still felt there was a chance to beat Hitler if only America would enter the war LONDON DOCKS BURN AFTER GERMAN RAID LONDONERS SLEEP UNDERGROUND IN SUBWAY STATIONS TO AVOID THE BOMBS CHILDREN IN FRONT OF THEIR DESTROYED HOME. WHERE ARE THEIR PARENTS? US Response * Lend-Lease Act (“The Declaration Interdependence)literally gave military aid to Britain for free“garden hose analogy” -$50 billion in aid sent to Britain Germans attacked American destroyers taking supplies to Britain THE UNITED STATES BECOMES INVOLVED BY SUPPLING WAR MATERIALS FOR THE ALLIES Break for “Over the Edge” video segment The Homefront America in WW 2 AP US History Break for the Homefront video 1. What event occurred on December 7, 1941? Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese Event 9: The Bombing of Pearl Harbor Japan continued to expand in the Pacific Region, threatening our supplies of raw materials Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis formed in 1940 General Tojo- 1941 became prime minister of Japan- wanted to expand Japan’s empire even more JAPAN CONQUESTS: JAPAN BEGAN TAKING OVER PARTS OF ASIA AFTER WWII STARTED AND THE USA TRIED TO GET THEM TO STOP. Event 10: The Bombing of Pearl Harbor FDR ended all trade with Japan, froze Japanese assets in the US December 7, 1941: Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii- goal was to destroy the US Navy Pacific fleet 2,300 Americans killed, 8 battleships, 188 planes and PEARL HARBOR: ON DECEMBER 7TH 1941 THE JAPANESE LAUNCHED A SNEAK ATTACK ON US MILITARY FACILITIES IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. THE US WAS CAUGHT UNPREPARED AND MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE. SOUND IS THE ACTUAL CBS ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ATTACK. US Response FDR’s govt was under negotiation with the Japanese before the attack “ A date that will live in infamy”Dec 7, 1941 The Sinking of the USS Arizona Pearl Harbor FDR Asks Congress For a Declaration of War US Response Congress declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy (Dec. 8th) The end of Isolationism- The attack on Pearl Harbor aroused and united America as nothing else could have done. 2. How many Americans perished at Pearl Harbor? 2,000 perished 3. Besides the Japanese, who also declared war on the United States? 1. 2. Germany Italy 4. Who won most of the early battles in the Pacific-Japan or the US? Japan THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC FROM PEARL HARBOR TO MIDWAY JAPANESE 1942 ADVANCES JAPAN INVADES DUTCH BORNEO, TIMOR, CELEBES, JAN. 11 SINGAPORE FALLS, 36,000 JAPANESE CAPTURE 85,000 ALLIED SOLDIERS, FEB. 15TH RANGOON AND BURMA CAPTURED ON MAR. 10TH US SURRENDERS THE PHILIPPINES ON MAY 6TH JAPANESE PORT MORESBY INVASION FLEET TURNED BACK AT NAVAL BATTLE OF CORAL SEA ON MAY 7TH 5. Describe how women helped the war effort by 1942-43. Women went to work in large numbers in the factories building ships and weapons for the war 6. How many women were working during the war? 19 million The Rosie the Riveter poster “We Can Do It” became the iconic representation of the patriotic American woman working in the factories during WW 2 7. How many days during the war did it take to build a ship? 17 days 8. What things did Americans have to ration? 1. 2. 3. 4. gas tires Scrap metal Rubber toys 9. How were the “Japs” portrayed on American newsreels? As villains, demonized, they tossed babies on bayonets American Wartime propaganda Analyze a wartime propaganda cartoon“Bugs Nips the Nips” and Popeye THESE POSTERS WERE PUT UP IN LOS ANGELES, INSTRUCTING PEOPLE OF JAPANESE DESCENT, CITIZENS AND NON-CITIZENS ALIKE, TO REPORT TO THE CIVIL CONTROL STATION TO BE DEPORTED TO THE CAMPS Why Intern Japanese Americans? the government interned more than 120,000 people of Japanese descent, both citizens and non-citizens. this was done to prevent sabotage and espionage by the Japanese Americans living on the west coast. the military investigated reports of traitorous activities by Japanese Americans and none was ever found to be true. 1988-US government paid reparations of $20,000 to all surviving Japanese-Americans still alive JAPANESE AMERICAN GIRL WAITS WITH ALL OF HER FAMILY’S BELONGINGS TO BE EVACUATED TO AN INTERNMENT CAMP JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS THE DOTS REPRESENT THE LOCATION OF THE CAMPS CANAL CAMP, AZ CRYSTAL CREEK, TX MANZANAR, CA GILA, AZ Korematsu v. The United States Sued the US government over the internment in 1944 Court 6-3 ruled the internment was constitutional Civil Liberties in time of war can be restricted President Ronald Reagan signs the official reparation order 1988 10. Why were Japanese Americans under Executive Order 9066 mandated to be removed from the West Coast? There was fear that they would give aid to a Japanese invasion force 11. How many Japanese Americans were relocated to internment camps? 120,000 12. What male singer became a major idol/heartthrob to many American women during the war? Frank Sinatra 13. Why were families back home not given the full truth of the realities of the war from letters? The government didn’t want people back home to get the impression we were losing; wanted to keep everyone in support of the war 14. How many continents did American soldiers fight on? 3 (Three) The Last Days of WW 2 194445 15. What was the date the Allies invaded the German-held French beaches of Normandy (the largest military operation in US military history)? June 6, 1944 16. What was the day called? D-Day 17. What French city was liberated 2 months after the great invasion day Paris D-DAY INVASION BEACHES D-DAY: THE ALLIED INVASION OF NAZI OCCUPIED WESTERN EUROPE D-Day Statistics General Dwight D. Eisenhower Allied supreme commander Nine allied divisions invaded on D-Day, 3 airborne and 6 infantry, 150,000 soldiers 12,000 planes 5,000 ships escorted the invasion force 20,000 troops were landed by air either parachute or gliders (101st Airborne division) to protect the flanks of the invasion force from German counterattacks Shoulder sleeve insignia are of the American units, division and above, that were involved in the Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944. A HEAVY PRICE WAS PAID FOR BY US SOLDIERS IN THE SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF FRANCE THOUSANDS OF TROOPS ARRIVED IN FRANCE ON TOWED GLIDERS. MANY CRASHED, KILLING THEIR PILOTS AND PASSENGERS. A HEAVY PRICE WAS PAID FOR THE SUCCESSFUL INVASION OF FRANCE MAP OF ALLIED BREAK OUT FROM NORMANDY: OPERATION COBRA ALLIES ADVANCE RAPIDLY ACROSS FRANCE AFTER BREAKING OUT OF NORMANDY IN OPERATION COBRA. US TROOPS MARCH IN A VICTORY PARADE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF PARIS IN LATE AUGUST 1944 Hitler's Last Days/ End of WW II in Europe Several attempts were made on Hitler's life during the war, but each plot was foiled The war for Germany appeared to be inevitably lost as the US and its allies surrounded and then invaded Germany after the last German Offensive (The Battle of the Bulge) Hitler’s hand-picked lieutenants, seeing the futility, defied his orders or committed suicide Hitler’s 2nd in command Heinrich Himmler committed suicide after capture The Battle of the Bulge Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (in English: "Operation Watch on the Rhine") 19,000 Americans killed in action was the single largest and bloodiest battle that American forces experienced in World War II and in all US Military history (89,000 casualties) Hitler ends his own life Hitler and his beloved dog Blondi * With allied forces surrounding Berlin, Hitler and his longtime mistress Eva Braun turned wife committed suicide in their underground bunker in Berlin on April 30, 1945 Eva Braun Hitler (wife of the Fuhrer) The Nazis Surrender Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (Britain), and Stalin (Russia) made arrangements for postwar Europe at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 American, British, French and Russian forces eventually surrounded Berlin in late April of 1945 On May 7th, the Nazis surrendered; VE-Day (Victory in Europe Day) PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT DIED ON APRIL 12 1945 Harry S. Truman becomes President Finishing off Japan May-August 1945 KAMIKAZE ATTACKS •Kamikazes were the suicide attacks the Japanese began late in the war when they realized they could not defeat conventional US forces. there were other types of kamikaze vehicles as well. These included small boats, flying human missiles or ohkas, human torpedoes and even the great battleship Yamato. PICTURES OF KAMIKAZES, AND US SHIPS HIT BY SUICIDE PLANES SPRING-SUMMER 1945 BATTLE OF OKINAWA: the horrendous losses the us suffered at Iwo Jima and Okinawa combined with the devastating kamikaze attacks would only be a prelude to the slaughter that would happen when the US invaded Japanese home islands 70000 All combined kamikaze operations 60000 combined sunk 50000 thirty-four ships, and 40000 damaged 288 ships The most damage done by kamikaze’s was at Okinawa where 1465 suicide planes sank 30 ships and damages 130 more KILLED WOUNDED TOTAL 30000 20000 10000 0 IWO JIMA OKINAWA US losses at both battles OKINAWA ALEUTIAN ISLANDS The Surrender and Defeat of Japan Japan –refused to surrender despite nightly firebombing of its cities such as Tokyo and Yokohama The Allies were planning a massive 2part invasion of Japan code-named Operation Downfall to begin on X-Day, November 1, 1945 and end with Y-Day on March 1, 1946 Why did Truman decide to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan? 1. 2. 3. 4. To bring the war to a swifter end. The battle for Okinawa had shown that an D-Day type of invasion of the Japanese mainland (planned for November) would result in large numbers of American casualties. The official estimate given to the Secretary of War was 1 million Allied casualties, though some historians dispute whether this would have been the case. Invasion would also have meant the death of tens of millions of Japanese soldiers and civilians, who were being trained as militia. The Japanese were refusing to surrender (to surrender is a dishonor)-break for Pacific scene from Okinawa The Atomic Bombs Manhattan Project-secret project assisted by the minds of Tesla and Einstein Potsdam Ultimatum: Truman to Japan-surrender now or face ultimate destruction Two bombs were used-Little Boy (dropped on Hiroshima) and Fat Man (dropped on Nagasaki) MODEL OF “LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB CREW OF THE ENOLA GAY THE PLANE THAT DROPPED THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN ENOLA GAY, PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB What 2 Japanese cities were the Atom bombs dropped on? 1. 2. Hiroshima (August 6) Nagasaki (August 9) 5 days after the 2nd bomb was dropped, the Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945, or V-J day, signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2nd 18. How many terms did President Roosevelt win 4 (Four) 20. Who became the new president? Harry S. Truman 21. What showed Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end? Japanese suicidal kamikaze attacks 22. During the Potsdam Conference of July 1945, what ultimatum did Truman and the Allies give Japan? Unconditional surrender or face destruction 23. Why did President Truman decide to drop the atom bomb on the Japanese? TO SAVE LIVES AND END THE WAR QUICKLY PRESIDENT TRUMAN GAVE THE ORDER TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN 24. What 2 Japanese cities were the Atom bombs dropped on? AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE WOUNDED THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON THE CITY OF 1.HIROSHIMA AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED A SECOND ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON 2. NAGASAKI AND THE JAPANESE SURRENDERED 25. Why was the date August 15, 1945 a cause of celebration for Americans? V J DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS-The Japanese finally surrendered V J DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS 26. How many Americans lost their lives during WW II? The video says 395,000 or so, but if you include MIAs (Missing in Action) and POWs (Prisoners of War that were never returned) we lost closer to 500,000 Americans to the War WW II DEATHS PER COUNTRY The Results of the War 1. The Holocaust: US and Allied soldiers discovered gruesome sites when liberating Nazi Occupied Europe: the victims where Jews and other of Hitler’s ”enemies”were being systematically massacred by the Nazis 2. The Russian Soviet communists took over all of Eastern Europe- the Cold War followed as a competitive arms race between the United States and The Soviet Union (Russia) The Results of the War 3. Germany was rebuilt and split into East (controlled by the Russians) and West (controlled by Britain, France and the USA) 4. The formation of the United Nations (UN) an international organization made up of all nations to prevent further wars 5. The Jewish people were finally given their own country by the UNIsrael After WW 2 Germany was occupied by 4 countries West and East Germany The Results of the War 6. Japan (who fought the Allies on Germany’s side) along w/ Germany was occupied and rebuilt by the USA. 7. The USA becomes the most powerful nation in the world The Results of the War 9. Women gain even more rights by working in the factories building weapons to help the war effort. (Rosie the Riveter) 10. US Isolation/neutrality ended 11. Due to massive war production in the factories, the United States’ recovered completely from the Great Depression.