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FASCISM – GERMANY
TO TRACE THE ORIGINS AND
GROWTH OF THE NAZI PARTY
IN GERMANY
WEIMAR REPUBLIC
• After the First World
War, Germany was
ruled by the Weimar
Republic. It was a
democracy and it faced
many political, social
and economic
problems. The republic
was succeeded by Adolf
Hitler and the Nazi
Party.
WHO WAS ADOLF HITLER?
• READ P.20 AND ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON
ADOLF HITLER:
1. Where and when was Adolf Hitler
born?
2. Why did Hitler leave school
without qualifications?
3. What political and social ideas did
Hitler learn from Ostara?
4. What was Hitler’s role in World
War I?
5. What did Hitler do following World
War I?
HOW DID HITLER RISE TO POWER?
HELP FROM
RIGHT WING
CONSERVATIVES
THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
SUPPORT
GREW
QUICKLY
PROPAGANDA
HITLER
WEAKNESSES OF
THE WEIMAR
GOVERNMENT
HITLER’S
LEADERSHIP
HITLER’S
POLICIES
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• In 1929 the value of shares in
the New York Stock Exchange on
Wall Street collapsed. This
began the Great Depression.
• Americans called in loans they
had given to Germany and so
German companies went
bankrupt. Unemployment in
Germany rose from 1.5 million
in 1929 to 6 million in 1932. This
resulted in middle and working
class families joining the Nazi
Party.
WEAKNESSES OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
• The Weimar government was
unpopular because it was associated
with the defeat in the First World War
and the harsh Treaty of Versailles.
They were known as the November
Criminals.
• The ruling classes of the old German
Empire undermined the Weimar
Republic.
• They made economic problems worse
by cutting back on government
spending.
• The government used President
Hindenburg’s power to rule by decree.
HITLER’S LEADERSHIP
• Hitler rose to power because of
his tactics and policies. He
wanted to use democracy to
destroy democracy.
• The Nazi Party had branches all
over Germany. They also had
the SA (Brownshirts – storm
troopers) and SS (Blackshirts)
to attack opponents.
HITLER’S POLICIES
• Hitler’s policies appealed to many
different groups – nationalists,
industrialists, farmers and the lower
middle class. He outlined his ideas in
Mein Kampf (My Struggle), his
autobiography.
– He attacked the Treaty of Versailles.
– He promised to unite all Germanspeaking people.
– He was strongly anti-Communist.
– He promised to solve the economic
problems.
PROPAGANDA
• Hitler and the Nazis
used propaganda to get
their message across:
– He was an outstanding
public speaker.
– He used newspapers,
aircraft, films and
loudspeakers from
trucks.
– The Nazis used uniforms,
salutes and mass rallies
so as to appear strong.
PROPAGANDA
1. Look at the film of Hitler speaking.
In what way is Hitler and his
message appealing to Germans?
2. Choose one propaganda poster. In
what way is this appealing to
Germans?
SUPPORT
• Support for the Nazi • Hitler was supported
Party grew quickly,
by right-wing
gaining them seats in
(conservative)
the Reichstag.
Germans. Their
support persuaded
– 1928 → 12 seats
President
– 1930 → over 100
seats
Hindenburg to
appoint him as
– 1932 → 230 seats
chancellor in January
1933.
KEY CONCEPTS
Herrenvolk
Totalitarianism
Propaganda
• The Nazi idea
of Germans
as a master
race, superior
to all other
races.
• Totalitarian
governments
control all
aspects of
life, from the
people’s
actions to
their
thoughts.
• Spreading
information
to convince
people of
your point of
view in order
to achieve or
retain power.
Cult of
Personality
• Worship of a
leader.
Propaganda
is used to
create an
image of the
leader as allwise and allpowerful.
DOCUMENT QUESTION
1. What are the French taking
from the Ruhr Valley?
2. Who are being represented
as ‘Coal Kings’ in the
cartoon?
3. What is the reaction of the
‘Coal Kings’ to the French
occupation of the Ruhr?
4. Why did the French consider
it necessary to occupy the
Ruhr in January 1923?
5. What effect did the
occupation in the Ruhr have
on the rise of Hitler and the
Nazi Party?
Daily Mail – January 1923
HOW DID HITLER ESTABLISH A
DICTATORSHIP?
GENERAL ELECTION
• Hitler called a general election.
The Nazis used terror and
propaganda against
opponents; 400,000 SA were
enlisted in the police. During
the election campaign a Dutch
communist set fire to the
Reichstag. Hitler used this to
create the idea of communist
threat and increased the
number of Nazi seats.
ESTABLISHING A DICTATORSHIP
POLICIES
• After the election Hitler
passed the ENABLING
ACT which gave him
power to rule by
decree. The Weimar
democracy was at an
end.
ESTABLISHING A DICTATORSHIP
• He used a policy of
coordination to destroy
all opposition:
– The Communist and
Social Democratic
Parties were outlawed.
– The Nazis were the only
political party allowed.
– Trade unions were
replaced with the
German Labour Force.
NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
• Hitler used the SS to kill
leaders of the SA who
threatened his
leadership, particularly
Ernst Röhm who
planned a people’s
army to replace the
German Army.
ESTABLISHING A DICTATORSHIP
DEATH OF HINDENBURG
ESTABLISHING A DICTATORSHIP
• When President
Hindenburg died, Hitler
combined the offices of
president and
chancellor.
• He became der Fűhrer
(the Leader). The
German army had to
swear an oath to him.
JOSEPH GOEBBELS
• Hitler appointed Joseph Goebbels as
Minister of Propaganda. He used all the
media – press, radio and cinema – to
control public opinion.
o Goebbels organised a public burning of antiNazi books.
o Editors of newspapers followed the Nazi
line.
o Goebbels thought the radio was very
important for influencing people. Families
bought the People’s radio to listen to Nazi
broadcasts. Loudspeakers were used to
broadcast in the streets.
o The Nazi’s organised huge gatherings to
influence people, such as the Nuremberg
rallies, torchlight parades and marches.
ESTABLISHING A
DICTATORSHIP
NUREMBERG – CASE STUDY
PAGES
34 - 41
NUREMBERG
• The Nuremberg Rallies took place from 1923,
initially attracting 20,000 people but rising to half
a million people during the years 1933 – 38.
• They were important propaganda tools in raising
support for the Nazi party and recruiting to the
SA and SS.
• The Nazi Women’s Organisation and the Labour
Front took a prominent role in the rallies.
1. In Source A, according to Hitler, what were the benefits of
holding mass meetings?
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• Each rally had a theme. The development of the Nazi Party policy can be
traced through the speeches at these rallies.
• In 1933 Hitler used the occasion to celebrate the German Army –
SOURCE B
• In 1934 the rally lasted a week and celebrated the rise of Hitler to power.
He spoke from a 1,300 x 80 ft stone structure that looked like an altar. A
giant eagle with a 100 foot wing span and a swastika at its feet. This was
seen in Leni Riefenstahl’s film Triumph des Willens – SOURCE C
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHs2coAzLJ8
• In 1934 there was a speech called ‘Race and National Health’, which
attempted to justify euthanasia (the killing of the old and those who
can’t care for themselves).
• In 1935 Hitler’s speech on cultural development turned into an attack on
the Jews. ‘The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour’
(Nuremberg Laws) deprived Jews of German citizenship and forbade
marriage between Jews and Aryans.
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• SOURCE B
• On this day we should particularly
remember the part played by our
Army, for we all know well that if,
in the days of our revolution, the
Army had not stood on our side,
then we should not be standing
here today. We can assure the
Army that we shall never forget
this, the we see in them the
beavers of the tradition of our
glorious old Army, and that with all
our heart and all our powers we
will support the spirit of this army.
• Describe how Hitler
attempted to reassure
the German Army of his
support in his speech to
the Nuremberg Rally in
1933.
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• SOURCE C
• The German form of life
is definitely determined
for the next thousand
years…There will be no
other revolution in
Germany for the next
one thousand years.
Provincial Governor Adolf
Wagner of Bavaria
• According to Provincial
Governor Adolf Wagner
(SOURCE C), how long
would the Nazi regime
last?
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• SOURCE D
• The Jews are a people of
robbers. Everything that the
Jew has is stolen. Foreign
workmen build his temples, it
is foreigners who create and
work for him, and shed their
blood for him. He has no art
of his own: he has stolen it
from others or he watched
them at work and then made
his copy. He cannot maintain
any state for long. This is one
difference between him and
the Aryan.
Adolf Hitler
• How does Hitler
demonstrate his hatred for
the Jews in SOURCE D?
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• SOURCE E
• If in the West or Central
Europe a single people were
to become victims of
Bolshevism (Communism),
this poison would continue
its ravages (damage), it
would devastate the oldest,
the fairest civilisation in the
world today. Germany, by
taking upon itself this
conflict does not fulfil, as so
often before in her history,
a truly European mission.
Adolf Hitler
• According to Hitler, what
effect would the spread of
communism have on
Western Europe?
NUREMBERG –SPEECHES &
THEMES
• SOURCE F
• A pretty segment of
Europe is harassing the
human race. This
miserable pygmy race
(the Czechs) is oppressing
a cultured people, and
behind it is Moscow and
the eternal mask of the
Jew devil.
Herman Goering
• How does Herman
Goering view the state
of Czechoslovakia?
(SOURCE F)
NUREMBERG TRIALS
• Following WWII an international military
tribunal sat in Nuremberg from November
1945 to September 1946 to try major Nazi
figures for war crimes. It was chosen because
it had been the venue for the great Nazi Party
rallies. The Allies hoped that the Nuremberg
Trials would bring to close one of the most
bloodthirsty and destructive periods of
German history.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
PROBLEMS IN BRITAIN
AND GERMANY DURING
THE INTER-WAR YEARS,
1919 – 39
GERMANY
• After the First World War, the German economy was in a
depressed state.
• The Weimar government printed money to pay for debts and
reparations.
– This caused inflation (an increase in the prices of products).
• When Germany failed to pay reparations, the French and
Belgians invaded the Ruhr industrial region of Germany. This
caused a huge fall in the value of the German mark and Weimar
Germany experienced rapid inflation.
–
–
–
–
–
The mark became worthless.
The middle classes suffered; their savings and pensions were ruined.
Workers became poorer.
Unemployment rose.
Industrialists and landowners gained because they owned property.
GERMANY
• The German government created a new currency. It also
obtained loans under the Dawes Plan (1924). This plan, by an
American banker, cut reparations payments and gave
American loans to Germany. This helped the German
economy improve.
• In 1929 the Wall Street Crash happened on the New York
stock market. This led to the Great Depression. America
withdrew its loans from Germany and the German economy
was in trouble again. German unemployment rose from 1.5
million in 1929 to 6 million in 1932.
• The Weimar government made the situation worse by cutting
spending on wages, pensions and unemployment benefit.
GERMANY
• The economy under the Nazis: When Hitler took power in
January 1933 he promised to reduce unemployment and to
create self-sufficiency (autarky).
• To reduce unemployment, Hitler:
– Spent money on public works, such as building autobahns
(motorways)
– Introduced conscription
– Rearmed, which led to the growth of heavy industry
– Developed a Four-year Plan, which led to huge increases in
coal, iron and steel production.
• German economic recovery depended heavily on
government investment. As a result, German
unemployment was reduced to 200,000 by 1939.
GERMANY
• Hitler’s plan for self sufficiency was not so successful:
– Grain and potato production declined
– Some foodstuffs had to be imported
– Some synthetic products were developed for raw materials
• So Hitler had to wait for WWII when he conquered Eastern
European countries to provide self-sufficiency.
• Wages increased but working hours became longer.
• The Nazis set up:
– ‘Beauty Through Joy’ to improve working conditions.
– ‘Strength Through Joy’ to improve leisure time. They organised
cheap holidays, coach tours and sports competitions.
– Hitler also encouraged the production of the Volkswagen, the
‘people’s car’.
GERMANY
• TASK:
• Write a paragraph on:
• Hyperinflation in Germany, 1923.
BRITAIN
• J.M. Keynes was a
major influence on
the post-war
European economy.
• Review his biography
and write a
paragraph on him.
BRITAIN
• The British economy was in depression during the
inter-war years.
• The economic depression was caused by:
–
–
–
–
The decline of older industries (coal, iron and steel, ships)
American competition
British wage costs
The decline of British trade
• British shipbuilding declined because:
– The surplus of ships after the First World War
– The United States and Japan producing their own ships
• British coal was more expensive to mine than
American, German or Polish coal.
BRITAIN – DEPRESSED AREAS
• Much of Britain was depressed after the
first world war. There was high
unemployment, fewer women working and
high infant mortality.
• London and the Midlands prospered
because they had newer industries such as
electrical goods and motor cars.
• Government policy did not help – they
wouldn’t borrow money to help depressed
industry and the value of the pound sterling
made British exports too expensive.
• Unemployed workers were given benefits
but this was too low to feed a family and it
was given for only 15 weeks a year. After
that they had additional benefits – called
the dole – for which they had to queue.
BRITAIN – GENERAL STRIKE 1926
• Clashes between mine owners and coal miners led to the General
Strike of 1926. Mine owners wanted wage cuts but the coal miners’
leader said, ‘Not a penny off the pay! Not a minute off the day!’
• The government advised wage cuts and longer working hours. When
negotiations between the Trade Union Congress (TUC) and the mine
owners broke down, there was a general strike.
• About 2 million other workers in transport, building and electricity
went on strike in sympathy with the coal miners.
• The government had plans to distribute food and transport people to
work. The other workers went back to work when the government
said it would not give in.
• The miners gave up after six months and returned with lower pay and
longer working hours.
• The strike was a failure and the government banned further general
strikes.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Oro_m-IlK4
GREAT DEPRESSION
• Britain was hit by the Great Depression after the Wall Street Crash of
1929.
– Unemployment rose from 1.5 million in 1929 to 3.5 million by 1932.
– Older industries were the worst hit.
• The government:
–
–
–
–
Took Britain off the gold standard.
Cut unemployment benefits and introduced a means test.
Cut the wages of civil servants and teachers.
Introduced protectionism (taxes on imports) to safeguard British industry.
• The newer industries around London and the Midlands were not hit so
badly.
• Britain recovered quickly from the Depression, but older industries still
suffered.
• Unemployment cause poverty, leading to death and diseases amongst
the poorer classes.
• Hunger marches were organised to protest against unemployment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31dchjUVaV8
USE THE INFORMATION
ON THE JARROW MARCH,
OCTOBER 1936, TO WRITE
A PARAGRAPH.