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Transcript
Biomes Ecosystems with similar communities and climate Two major categories Terrestrial (Land) Biomes Aquatic (Water) Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Which biome do you live in? A. B. C. D. Tundra Deciduous forests Tropical rain forests Grasslands What is the predominant biome in India? A. B. C. D. Tundra Deciduous forests Tropical rain forests Grasslands Tundra Tundra • Abiotic factors: frozen top soil, snow, cold temperatures • Plants: short shrubs, grasses, lichens, and mosses • Animals: insects, reindeer, caribou, wolves, brown bears • Geographic Distribution: northernmost regions of Asia, Europe, and North America Tundra What are there none of on the tundra? A. B. C. D. Insects Plants Trees Large animals Taiga Taiga • Abiotic factors: cold to moderate temperatures, warm summers, fertile soil, precipitation • Plants: coniferous trees (evergreens) • Animals: black bears, deer, squirrels, rabbits, moose, elk, insects • Distribution: just south of the tundra Taiga What life form makes up the predominant biomass of the taiga? A. Large herbivorous and omnivorous animals B. Coniferous trees C. Deciduous trees D. Insects Deciduous Forests Deciduous trees lose their leaves Deciduous Forests • Abiotic factors: distinct hot and cold seasons, high precipitation, fertile soil • Plants: Deciduous trees, conifers, flowering shrubs, herbs, moss, and ferns • Animals: Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, birds, turkeys • Distribution: Northeastern United States, Southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Asia, China, and Australia Deciduous Forests Deciduous forest is different from the taiga and tundra in that the deciduous forest is the biome of the three A. B. C. D. that contains trees with the largest swings in temperature that can be found in Australia that contains bears Grasslands Grasslands Abiotic factors: warm summers, cold winters, seasonal precipitation, fertile soil, occasional wildfires Plants: low growing, lush plants and a few trees Animals: a variety of large herbivores like elephants, kangaroos, zebras, giraffes, antelope, insects Grasslands Grasslands would be the ideal biome in which to A. B. C. D. Grow crops and raise cattle Mine for minerals Cut lumber Produce hydroelectricity Desert Desert • Abiotic factors: dry (less than 30cm of rain/year), variable temperatures, mineral rich soil that lacks organic nutrients needed to grow food • Plants: cacti, sagebrush, and other succulent plants • Animals: birds, small rodents, lizards, and snakes Desert Most of the desert in the world is found in A. B. C. D. The southern hemisphere Where it is warmest Africa The northern hemisphere Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest • Abiotic factors: high rainfall, hot temperatures, acidic nutrient-poor soil • Plants: Broad-leaf evergreens that form canopies, ferns, climbing plants, and orchids • Animals: insects, birds, monkeys, lizards, snakes, sloths anteaters, mostly in the canopy • Distribution: South and Central America, Southeast Asia, southern India, and northeastern Australia Tropical Rainforest You would expect that Brazilian farmers who clear trees to plant grains often find their crops A. B. C. D. grow very poorly grow very well do not have enough water are often trampled by large grazing animals Biome Table Biome Tundra Taiga Deciduous forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforests Abiotic factors Animals Plants Location Other information Aquatic Biomes • Freshwater – Ponds and lakes – Streams and rivers – wetlands • Marine – Oceans – Coral reefs – Estuaries Freshwater 3% of surface water on earth Wetlands Lakes and Ponds Rivers Marine Comprises the other 97% of all surface water Ocean Estuary Coral reef Ecological Succession Expected changes that occur within the community of an ecosystem over time Abiotic and biotic factors shape an ecosystem Climate Nutrient availability Community interactions Natural disturbances Human disturbances Primary Succession The founding of new communities in environments that initially had no living organisms, like rocks or new surfaces formed by movements of glaciers or volcanic eruptions. Bare rock left after retreat of a glacier. Glacial Moraine Pioneer Species The first organisms to populate an uninhabited environment Time Lichens, followed by moss, begin growing on the rock. As they die, the decaying matter is added to the rock, producing soil. Grasses/Plants • Nutrients supplied by decaying organic matter support growth of grasses and small plants • These, in turn, add more organic nutrients to enrich the soil Grasses and small plants start to grow Shrubs • As deeper soils formed by decaying organic matter hold more water, small shrubs begin to grow Small shrubs colonize. Climax Communities • Groups of trees that remain stable in an ecosystem over time. Climax communities develop on mature soils. Bare rock left after retreat of a glacier. Pioneer species – lichens and moss produce soil Grasses and small plants start to grow. Small shrubs colonize. Climax communities develop on mature soils. Secondary Succession • When a climax community, or some earlier stage of an ecosystem is dramatically altered by: – Fire – Disease – Farming – Flooding – Clearcutting, etc. • Secondary succession occurs Secondary succession reestablishes communities within an ecosystem Ground is cleared of existing community to grow a single crop. Ground is abandoned and new species begin to grow. Small shrubs again colonize. New climax community forms. The progression from rock – lichen - moss grasses and shrubs - pine trees - deciduous trees in an ecosystem is an example of A. B. C. D. Evolution Primary succession Natural selection Secondary succession The first organisms to move into an uninhabited environment are called the A. B. C. D. Pioneer species Climax community Ancestral species Divergent species The Mississippi River flooded vast tracts of land in 2011. Similarly, a tsunami swept away whole communities on the eastern shores of Japan in the same year. What ecological process is likely to follow each of these events? A. B. C. D. Immigration Secondary succession Primary succession Exponential population growth Large trees part of a climax community rather than an earlier one because in earlier communities A. There are too few nutrients in the soil to sustain them. B. There is too little precipitation available. C. There are too many herbivores that will eat the saplings. D. There is too much light. Practice 1. Describe the process of primary succession. 2. Describe a real life situation in which secondary succession has occurred or is occurring. What event disturbed the climax community?