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Biomes
Ecosystems with similar
communities and climate
Two major categories
Terrestrial
(Land)
Biomes
Aquatic (Water)
Biomes
Terrestrial Biomes
Which biome do you live in?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tundra
Deciduous forests
Tropical rain forests
Grasslands
What is the predominant biome in
India?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tundra
Deciduous forests
Tropical rain forests
Grasslands
Tundra
Tundra
• Abiotic factors: frozen top soil, snow, cold
temperatures
• Plants: short shrubs, grasses, lichens, and
mosses
• Animals: insects, reindeer, caribou, wolves,
brown bears
• Geographic Distribution: northernmost regions
of Asia, Europe, and North America
Tundra
What are there none of on the
tundra?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Insects
Plants
Trees
Large animals
Taiga
Taiga
• Abiotic factors: cold to moderate temperatures, warm
summers, fertile soil, precipitation
• Plants: coniferous trees (evergreens)
• Animals: black bears, deer, squirrels, rabbits, moose,
elk, insects
• Distribution: just south of the tundra
Taiga
What life form makes up the
predominant biomass of the taiga?
A. Large herbivorous and omnivorous
animals
B. Coniferous trees
C. Deciduous trees
D. Insects
Deciduous Forests
Deciduous
trees lose
their leaves
Deciduous Forests
• Abiotic factors: distinct hot and cold seasons,
high precipitation, fertile soil
• Plants: Deciduous trees, conifers, flowering
shrubs, herbs, moss, and ferns
• Animals: Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels,
raccoons, skunks, birds, turkeys
• Distribution: Northeastern United States,
Southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Asia,
China, and Australia
Deciduous Forests
Deciduous forest is different from the
taiga and tundra in that the deciduous
forest is the biome of the three
A.
B.
C.
D.
that contains trees
with the largest swings in temperature
that can be found in Australia
that contains bears
Grasslands
Grasslands
Abiotic factors: warm summers, cold winters,
seasonal precipitation, fertile soil, occasional
wildfires
Plants: low growing, lush plants and a few
trees
Animals: a variety of large herbivores like
elephants, kangaroos, zebras, giraffes,
antelope, insects
Grasslands
Grasslands would be the ideal
biome in which to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Grow crops and raise cattle
Mine for minerals
Cut lumber
Produce hydroelectricity
Desert
Desert
• Abiotic factors: dry (less than 30cm of
rain/year), variable temperatures, mineral rich
soil that lacks organic nutrients needed to grow
food
• Plants: cacti, sagebrush, and other succulent
plants
• Animals: birds, small rodents, lizards, and
snakes
Desert
Most of the desert in the world is
found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
The southern hemisphere
Where it is warmest
Africa
The northern hemisphere
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
• Abiotic factors: high rainfall, hot
temperatures, acidic nutrient-poor soil
• Plants: Broad-leaf evergreens that form
canopies, ferns, climbing plants, and
orchids
• Animals: insects, birds, monkeys, lizards,
snakes, sloths anteaters, mostly in the
canopy
• Distribution: South and Central America,
Southeast Asia, southern India, and
northeastern Australia
Tropical Rainforest
You would expect that Brazilian
farmers who clear trees to plant
grains often find their crops
A.
B.
C.
D.
grow very poorly
grow very well
do not have enough water
are often trampled by large grazing
animals
Biome Table
Biome
Tundra
Taiga
Deciduous
forest
Grasslands
Desert
Tropical
Rainforests
Abiotic
factors
Animals
Plants
Location
Other
information
Aquatic Biomes
• Freshwater
– Ponds and lakes
– Streams and rivers
– wetlands
• Marine
– Oceans
– Coral reefs
– Estuaries
Freshwater
3% of surface water on earth
Wetlands
Lakes
and
Ponds
Rivers
Marine
Comprises the
other 97% of
all surface
water
Ocean
Estuary
Coral
reef
Ecological
Succession
Expected changes that occur within the
community of an ecosystem over time
Abiotic and biotic factors shape
an ecosystem
Climate
Nutrient availability
Community interactions
Natural disturbances
Human disturbances
Primary Succession
The founding of new
communities in
environments that
initially had no living
organisms, like rocks
or new surfaces
formed by movements
of glaciers or volcanic
eruptions.
Bare rock left after retreat of
a glacier.
Glacial Moraine
Pioneer Species
The first organisms to populate an uninhabited
environment
Time
Lichens, followed by moss, begin
growing on the rock. As they
die, the decaying matter is added
to the rock, producing soil.
Grasses/Plants
• Nutrients supplied by decaying organic
matter support growth of grasses and small
plants
• These, in turn, add more organic nutrients to
enrich the soil
Grasses and small
plants start to grow
Shrubs
• As deeper soils formed by decaying organic
matter hold more water, small shrubs begin
to grow
Small shrubs
colonize.
Climax Communities
• Groups of trees that remain stable in an
ecosystem over time.
Climax
communities
develop on
mature soils.
Bare rock left
after retreat of
a glacier.
Pioneer species
– lichens and
moss produce
soil
Grasses and
small plants
start to
grow.
Small shrubs
colonize.
Climax communities
develop on mature
soils.
Secondary Succession
• When a climax community, or some earlier
stage of an ecosystem is dramatically
altered by:
– Fire
– Disease
– Farming
– Flooding
– Clearcutting, etc.
• Secondary succession occurs
Secondary succession
reestablishes communities within
an ecosystem
Ground is cleared
of existing
community to
grow a single
crop.
Ground is
abandoned
and new species
begin to grow.
Small shrubs
again colonize.
New climax
community
forms.
The progression from rock – lichen - moss grasses and shrubs - pine trees - deciduous
trees in an ecosystem is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Evolution
Primary succession
Natural selection
Secondary succession
The first organisms to move into an
uninhabited environment are
called the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pioneer species
Climax community
Ancestral species
Divergent species
The Mississippi River flooded vast tracts of land in
2011. Similarly, a tsunami swept away whole
communities on the eastern shores of Japan in the
same year. What ecological process is likely to
follow each of these events?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Immigration
Secondary succession
Primary succession
Exponential population growth
Large trees part of a climax
community rather than an earlier
one because in earlier communities
A. There are too few nutrients in the soil to
sustain them.
B. There is too little precipitation available.
C. There are too many herbivores that will
eat the saplings.
D. There is too much light.
Practice
1. Describe the process of primary
succession.
2. Describe a real life situation in which
secondary succession has occurred or is
occurring. What event disturbed the
climax community?