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SMPS: ISOLATED FORWARD CONVERTER Vds "Non-isolated SINGLE ENDED STEP-DOWN FORWARD (direct) CONVERTER" Vind Ids Irect Ei n Iind Iout L ind Vrect Vgs fsw Iout IC C R Vout Irect limitations of the basic converter: x single input single output x no isolation: single ended or common input -output connection x fixed output voltage polarity : dependent upon topology x output voltage relative to the input limited to duty cycle control x 0<D<1; D0 limited by transistor switching time solution: x transformer coupled (isolated) derivations of the basic converter problem: x suggests the need for a dc-dc transformer!!!!! problem: x suggests the need for a dc-dc transformer!!!!! solution: concept: x introduce the 'concept' of a DC transformer AC-AC DC-DC practice: E in(dc) Vout(dc) x primary side switching pulsating input current x secondary side rectification F-W in some topologies sync x 1-T (1-transistor switch) low& medium power stages switch x 2-T (2-transistor switch) half off-state voltage per topologies: x the 'dc-dc transformer' insertion point in the basic circuit results in different topology converters x the need for additional switches and rectifiers depends on the topology as it is sometimes possible to use the existing basic circuit elements in a dual role. EET 423 POWER ELECTRONICS 2nr : np : ns 1 D1 Isolated v Non- Isolated Forward Converter r ind Iout L =10A Prof R T Kennedy 2006-2007 isolated converter advantages: x multiple outputs possible x isolation: no common input -output connection 'indirect converter' x output voltage polarity choice: dependent upon winding polarity x output voltage can now be varied dependent upon turns ratio and duty cycle greater design flexibility in range of duty cycle..control isolated converter disadvantages: x extra { cost { size weight { xlosses xleakage inductance { winding resistance { core { { overlap reduced output voltage transient voltages x core saturation (possible) x core reset requirements EET 423 POWER ELECTRONICS 2 Isolated v Non- Isolated Forward Converter 2 Prof R T Kennedy 2006-2007