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Ch 15 Musculoskeletal System Specialists • Orthopedists • Rheumatologists • Chiropractors Bony Development • Ossification • Osteoblasts – immature osteocytes • Osteoclasts – bone phagocytes Long bones • Diaphysis: shaft – Periosteum – Compact bone – Medullary cavity Long bones • Epiphysis: end – Epiphyseal line – Articular cartilage – Cancellous bone • Metaphysis: flared portion Bony processes • Bone head • Trochanter – proximal femur • Tubercle – proximal humerus • Condyle – distal femur and humerus Cranial bones • Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid Facial Bones • • • • • • Nasal Lacrimal: lacrim/o=tear Maxillary: cleft palate Mandibular: TMJ Zygomatic: cheeks Vomer Vertebral column • • • • • Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum Coccyx Kyphosis: kyph/o=humpback See page 601, figure 15-17 DEXA Scan Kyphoplasty Lordosis: lord/o=swayback Scoliosis: scoli/o=crooked, bent Scoliosis surgery Vertebral Body • Spinous process • Transverse process • Lamina PAGE 609 - HNP: Laminectomy: surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral arch Diskectomy: removal of all or part of protruding disk. Bones of thorax • Clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs • Supraclavicular, subscapular, substernal, intercostal Bones of Pelvis • Ilium, ischium, pubis • Ilium VS ileum • Acetabulum: hip socket Bones of Upper Extremity • Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges • Phalangectomy: removal of finger (or toe) CTS Ganglion Cyst Bones of Lower Extremity • Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges • Tarsals are bones of hindfoot, calcaneus is largest one Bunions: First metatarsophalangeal joint Gouty arthritis: hyperuricemia Fractures • • • • • • • Closed vs open Colles Comminuted Compression Greenstick Impacted Reduction can be open or closed ORIF Osteogenic Sarcoma Bone scan Osteomalacia X-ray after debridement for osteomyelitis Joints • Suture vs synovial Articulation • Articular cartilage = ends of long bones at joints • Synovial membrane • Synovial cavity • Synovial fluid = provide lubrication to minimize friction • Syn- = like, ov/o = egg • Ligaments = bones to bones • Tendons = muscle to bone. Very taut. • Achilles tendon tear, may need tenorrhaphy Bursae=sacs of fluid at joints Olecranon bursitis – at elbow Arthritis - OA Ankylosing Spondylitis Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Muscles • Striated, voluntary: rhabdomy/o • Smooth, involuntary: leiomy/o • Cardiac: myocardi/o • Actions of muscles • Origin = point of attachment to stationary bone • Insertion = junction of muscle to the bone that moves Actions of Muscles - ROM • Flexion/extension • Abduction/adduction • Rotation Actions of Muscles • dorsiflexion, plantar flexion • supination, pronation Arthrocentesis, arthrography Arthroplasty (THR, TKR) & Arthroscopy Abbreviations • • • • • • • • • • CTS DEXA HNP OA ORIF RA ROM THR TKR TMJ