Download 2-WHI.3 - River Valley Civs

WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES
P1
Setting the Scene
P2 Increased food supply allowed groups to SETTLE in one place and develop CITIES and COMMUNITIES
P2 People SPECIALIZED in various types of WORK
P3 Leaders organized workers for COMMUNITY projects such as FLOOD CONTROL, IRRIGATION of fields, and
public BUILDINGS
P2 First CIVILIZATIONS developed in RIVER VALLEYS
P2 Features of early civilizations included:
P3 Dependence on AGRICULTURE
P3 Development of WRITING
P3 Gathering of large numbers of PEOPLE close together
World’s First Civilizations (all in RIVER VALLEYS) Locations and Order of Appearance below:
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Four earliest civilizations developed around river valleys
P2 EGYPTIANS on the NILE RIVER DELTA
P2 MESOPOTAMIAN (Sumer) in the TIGRIS/EUPHRATES river valley of the FERTILE CRESCENT (IRAQ)
P2 INDUS (Harappan) in the INDUS river valley in modern-day PAKISTAN
P2 CHINESE in the HUANG HE valley in NORTHERN China
Each of the river valleys provided FERTILE SOIL for farming and WATER supplies for people, animals, and crops
Each location had PHYSICAL features that provided DEFENSE
Later civilizations did not depend directly on rivers
P2 Hebrews of ancient Israel settled between the JORDAN river and the MEDITERRANEAN SEA
P3 Believed in ONE all-powerful GOD (Monotheism)
P4 Most early civilizations practiced POLYTHEISM (belief in MANY gods)
P3 Hebrews migrated often during their history
P3 Originated in MESOPOTAMIA, led to southern PALESTINE by ABRAHAM, enslaved in EGYPT, led to freedom
in about 1300 B.C. by MOSES, settled in modern-day ISRAEL
P3 MOSES received the basic laws, TEN COMMANDMENTS, from the Hebrew GOD
P3 Record of HEBREW history is collected in the TORAH and later in the Christian OLD TESTAMENT
P3 Hebrew religion is called JUDAISM
P2 Phoenicians settled in modern-day LEBANON between the Lebanon Mountains and the MEDITERRANEAN SEA
P3Phoenician homeland had very little good farmland
P3Phoenicians developed a large TRADE network across the MEDITERRANEAN Sea
P3First EXPLORERS
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WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES
P3Developed the first ALPHABET based writing system
P4 Phoenician alphabet forms basis of ALL later alphabetic writing systems – GREEK, ROMAN, and modern
AMERICAN writings
P2 Kushites settled south of Egypt along the LOWER Nile River
P3Kush conquered EGYPT in 750 B.C.
P3Developed IRON-MAKING technology
P3Became a dominant RED SEA trade nation until conquered by AXUM in 300 A.D.
The earliest civilizations appeared in what time frame and in what general sequence?
P1 Civilizations developed with the change from HUNTING and GATHERING to FARMING
P2 Process is called the NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
P3Occurred at different times in different locations in the period between 6000 B.C. to 500 B.C.
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EGYPTIAN and MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations developed agriculture first
Evidence of farming in CHINA and INDIA also started about the same time as in EGYPT and MESOPOTAMIA
Fist cities appeared in MESOPOTAMIA and EGYPT around 4000 to 3000 B.C.
Cities in CHINA and INDIA appeared between 3200 and 1800 B.C.
PHOENICIANS established their TRADE network around 1200 B.C.
P2 Created COLONIES on their trade routes
P1 Hebrew EXODUS from Egypt to Israel occurred around 1300 B.C.
P1 Kush became a powerful kingdom around 900 B.C.
How did advanced social, political, economic, and religious life develop in the early river civilizations?
P1 Sumerians and BABYLONIANS
P2 First great MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations was the SUMERIAN
P3Built dikes to control FLOODING of the TIGRIS and EUPHRATES rivers
P4 Required cooperation of the CITY-STATES (independent cities with own laws, government, etc.)
P3SUMERIANS developed first WRITING system.
P4 First versions were PICTOGRAMS
P4 Later writing system called CUNEIFORM developed. Groups of signs stood for spoken sounds
P4
P4 Developed to keep track of government operation
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WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES
P3Babylonians conquered the Sumerians
P4 PRIESTS held great power in Babylonian civilization, but HEREDITARY rulers controlled the government
P5 King HAMMURABI was the most famous BABYLONIAN ruler
P6 Developed a WRITTEN law code
P7 Punishment differed based on SOCIAL class
P7 Revenge – “an EYE for an eye”
P7 Important rights for WOMEN
P8
Women could own PROPERTY
P6 Protected the privileges of the NOBLES at the expense of others
P4 Babylonians had a very strict class structure
P5 NOBLES, COMMON PEOPLE, SLAVES
P4 Sumerian and Babylonian religion was POLYTHEISTIC (worshipped MANY gods and goddesses)
P5
Believed the GODS controlled the cycle of seasons
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Gods provided STABILITY in a chaotic, flood-prone land
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Sumerians built great TEMPLES called ZIGGURATS
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EGYPTIAN civilization developed on the DELTA of the LOWER Nile
P3
P3Life centered around the regular FLOODING of the Nile River
P4 Egyptian civilization is called the “GIFT OF THE NILE”
P4 Flooding drops a layer of FERTILE mud that is great for farming
P3Egyptian rulers, PHARAOHS of the OLD Kingdom (first period of
Egyptian history)
P4 Egyptians believed their PHARAOHS were GODS with great powers
P4 Great TOMBS called PYRAMIDS were built for the pharaohs and
other officials
P5 Required great skill in ENGINEERING and MATHEMATICS
P3Egyptians developed a writing system called HIEROGLYPHICS in which the pictures represent words, sounds,
and ideas
P4
Indus Valley Civilization (also known as HARAPPAN civilization) developed before that of China
P3Developed along the INDUS river in modern-day PAKISTAN (once part of INDIA)
P3Ruins of two major cities – MOHENJO-DARO and HARAPPA – date to about 2500 B.C.
P4 Cities were well PLANNED with SEWER systems to remove waste
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WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES
P2
P5
P3Indus people had a PICTOGRAPHIC writing systems, which has not been translated
P3Indus people TRADED with MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations
Chinese civilization developed on the HUANG HE (Yellow River)
P3China was ruled by DYNASTIES, which are a line of rulers from the same family
P3Chinese writing system is called CALLIGRAPHY. Symbols represent ideas
P4
What were the unique contributions of the Phoenicians, Hebrews, and the Kushites?
PHOENICIANS
HEBREWS
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BABYLONIANS
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Phoenicians were great TRADERS of the ancient MEDITERRANEAN
P2 Trade created the need for communication and RECORD-KEEPING, which led to the development of the
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
P3Basis for the alphabet used in many parts of the world today, including the U.S.
HEBREW lived to the SOUTH of the PHOENICIANS and were a very small group
P2 Hebrew believed in ONE all-powerful God (MONOTHEISM)
P2 History is recorded in the TORAH
P2 Laws are the TEN COMMANDMENTS
P2 In Hebrew justice ALL people were EQUAL before the law
P2 Hebrew religion is called JUDAISM, which developed around 2000 B.C.
P3Founded by ABRAHAM
P3Belief in ONE God - MONOTHEISTIC
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WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES
P3Holy book is called the TORAH
P3Moral laws are the TEN COMMANDMENTS
EGYPT
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KUSH
Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt on the UPPER Nile River
P2 Kush was a major RED SEA trade nation
P2 Created their capital at MEROE which had large IRON deposits
P3Spread iron technology and goods to SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
P2 Traded across the ARABIAN SEA with INDIA and people on the ARABIAN PENINSULA
P2 Kush developed a system of writing similar to the EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS
P3Writing has not yet been translated
P2 Knowledge of other features of Kush is also limited due to expense of excavation in the nation of SUDAN where the
Kush civilization developed.
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