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WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES P1 Setting the Scene P2 Increased food supply allowed groups to SETTLE in one place and develop CITIES and COMMUNITIES P2 People SPECIALIZED in various types of WORK P3 Leaders organized workers for COMMUNITY projects such as FLOOD CONTROL, IRRIGATION of fields, and public BUILDINGS P2 First CIVILIZATIONS developed in RIVER VALLEYS P2 Features of early civilizations included: P3 Dependence on AGRICULTURE P3 Development of WRITING P3 Gathering of large numbers of PEOPLE close together World’s First Civilizations (all in RIVER VALLEYS) Locations and Order of Appearance below: 4 1 2 P1 P1 P1 P1 3 Four earliest civilizations developed around river valleys P2 EGYPTIANS on the NILE RIVER DELTA P2 MESOPOTAMIAN (Sumer) in the TIGRIS/EUPHRATES river valley of the FERTILE CRESCENT (IRAQ) P2 INDUS (Harappan) in the INDUS river valley in modern-day PAKISTAN P2 CHINESE in the HUANG HE valley in NORTHERN China Each of the river valleys provided FERTILE SOIL for farming and WATER supplies for people, animals, and crops Each location had PHYSICAL features that provided DEFENSE Later civilizations did not depend directly on rivers P2 Hebrews of ancient Israel settled between the JORDAN river and the MEDITERRANEAN SEA P3 Believed in ONE all-powerful GOD (Monotheism) P4 Most early civilizations practiced POLYTHEISM (belief in MANY gods) P3 Hebrews migrated often during their history P3 Originated in MESOPOTAMIA, led to southern PALESTINE by ABRAHAM, enslaved in EGYPT, led to freedom in about 1300 B.C. by MOSES, settled in modern-day ISRAEL P3 MOSES received the basic laws, TEN COMMANDMENTS, from the Hebrew GOD P3 Record of HEBREW history is collected in the TORAH and later in the Christian OLD TESTAMENT P3 Hebrew religion is called JUDAISM P2 Phoenicians settled in modern-day LEBANON between the Lebanon Mountains and the MEDITERRANEAN SEA P3Phoenician homeland had very little good farmland P3Phoenicians developed a large TRADE network across the MEDITERRANEAN Sea P3First EXPLORERS 1 WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES P3Developed the first ALPHABET based writing system P4 Phoenician alphabet forms basis of ALL later alphabetic writing systems – GREEK, ROMAN, and modern AMERICAN writings P2 Kushites settled south of Egypt along the LOWER Nile River P3Kush conquered EGYPT in 750 B.C. P3Developed IRON-MAKING technology P3Became a dominant RED SEA trade nation until conquered by AXUM in 300 A.D. The earliest civilizations appeared in what time frame and in what general sequence? P1 Civilizations developed with the change from HUNTING and GATHERING to FARMING P2 Process is called the NEOLITHIC AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION P3Occurred at different times in different locations in the period between 6000 B.C. to 500 B.C. P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 EGYPTIAN and MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations developed agriculture first Evidence of farming in CHINA and INDIA also started about the same time as in EGYPT and MESOPOTAMIA Fist cities appeared in MESOPOTAMIA and EGYPT around 4000 to 3000 B.C. Cities in CHINA and INDIA appeared between 3200 and 1800 B.C. PHOENICIANS established their TRADE network around 1200 B.C. P2 Created COLONIES on their trade routes P1 Hebrew EXODUS from Egypt to Israel occurred around 1300 B.C. P1 Kush became a powerful kingdom around 900 B.C. How did advanced social, political, economic, and religious life develop in the early river civilizations? P1 Sumerians and BABYLONIANS P2 First great MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations was the SUMERIAN P3Built dikes to control FLOODING of the TIGRIS and EUPHRATES rivers P4 Required cooperation of the CITY-STATES (independent cities with own laws, government, etc.) P3SUMERIANS developed first WRITING system. P4 First versions were PICTOGRAMS P4 Later writing system called CUNEIFORM developed. Groups of signs stood for spoken sounds P4 P4 Developed to keep track of government operation 2 WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES P3Babylonians conquered the Sumerians P4 PRIESTS held great power in Babylonian civilization, but HEREDITARY rulers controlled the government P5 King HAMMURABI was the most famous BABYLONIAN ruler P6 Developed a WRITTEN law code P7 Punishment differed based on SOCIAL class P7 Revenge – “an EYE for an eye” P7 Important rights for WOMEN P8 Women could own PROPERTY P6 Protected the privileges of the NOBLES at the expense of others P4 Babylonians had a very strict class structure P5 NOBLES, COMMON PEOPLE, SLAVES P4 Sumerian and Babylonian religion was POLYTHEISTIC (worshipped MANY gods and goddesses) P5 Believed the GODS controlled the cycle of seasons P5 Gods provided STABILITY in a chaotic, flood-prone land P5 Sumerians built great TEMPLES called ZIGGURATS P2 P2 P6 EGYPTIAN civilization developed on the DELTA of the LOWER Nile P3 P3Life centered around the regular FLOODING of the Nile River P4 Egyptian civilization is called the “GIFT OF THE NILE” P4 Flooding drops a layer of FERTILE mud that is great for farming P3Egyptian rulers, PHARAOHS of the OLD Kingdom (first period of Egyptian history) P4 Egyptians believed their PHARAOHS were GODS with great powers P4 Great TOMBS called PYRAMIDS were built for the pharaohs and other officials P5 Required great skill in ENGINEERING and MATHEMATICS P3Egyptians developed a writing system called HIEROGLYPHICS in which the pictures represent words, sounds, and ideas P4 Indus Valley Civilization (also known as HARAPPAN civilization) developed before that of China P3Developed along the INDUS river in modern-day PAKISTAN (once part of INDIA) P3Ruins of two major cities – MOHENJO-DARO and HARAPPA – date to about 2500 B.C. P4 Cities were well PLANNED with SEWER systems to remove waste 3 WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES P2 P5 P3Indus people had a PICTOGRAPHIC writing systems, which has not been translated P3Indus people TRADED with MESOPOTAMIAN civilizations Chinese civilization developed on the HUANG HE (Yellow River) P3China was ruled by DYNASTIES, which are a line of rulers from the same family P3Chinese writing system is called CALLIGRAPHY. Symbols represent ideas P4 What were the unique contributions of the Phoenicians, Hebrews, and the Kushites? PHOENICIANS HEBREWS P1 P1 BABYLONIANS P1 Phoenicians were great TRADERS of the ancient MEDITERRANEAN P2 Trade created the need for communication and RECORD-KEEPING, which led to the development of the PHOENICIAN ALPHABET P3Basis for the alphabet used in many parts of the world today, including the U.S. HEBREW lived to the SOUTH of the PHOENICIANS and were a very small group P2 Hebrew believed in ONE all-powerful God (MONOTHEISM) P2 History is recorded in the TORAH P2 Laws are the TEN COMMANDMENTS P2 In Hebrew justice ALL people were EQUAL before the law P2 Hebrew religion is called JUDAISM, which developed around 2000 B.C. P3Founded by ABRAHAM P3Belief in ONE God - MONOTHEISTIC 4 WHI.3-RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS STUDY NOTES P3Holy book is called the TORAH P3Moral laws are the TEN COMMANDMENTS EGYPT P1 P1 KUSH Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt on the UPPER Nile River P2 Kush was a major RED SEA trade nation P2 Created their capital at MEROE which had large IRON deposits P3Spread iron technology and goods to SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA P2 Traded across the ARABIAN SEA with INDIA and people on the ARABIAN PENINSULA P2 Kush developed a system of writing similar to the EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS P3Writing has not yet been translated P2 Knowledge of other features of Kush is also limited due to expense of excavation in the nation of SUDAN where the Kush civilization developed. 5