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Review for Test on Foundations c. 8000 BCE to 600 CE Major Developments 1. Locating world history in the environment and time Geography and climate: Interaction of geography and climate with the o development of human society Demography: major population changes resulting from human and o environmental factors Time - o Periodization in early human history; Nature and causes of changes associated with the time span; Continuities and breaks within the time span; e.g. the transition from river valley civilizations to Classical civilizations Diverse interpretations o What are the issues involved in using “civilization” as an organizing principle in world history? What is the most common source of change: connection or diffusion versus independent invention? 2. Developing agriculture and technology o Agricultural, pastoral, and foraging societies and their demographic characteristics (Including the Americas, as well as Europe and Asia). o Emergence of agriculture and technological change (e.g. Neolithic Revolution) o Nature of village settlements o Nature of patriarchal systems o Impact of the Agricultural Transition and agriculture on the environment, society and economy o Key stages of metal use - introduction of bronze and iron and its importance 3. Basic features of early civilizations in different environments: culture, state, and social structure (be able to compare them): o Mesopotamia o Egypt o Indus Valley civilization or Harrapan civilization o Shang dynasty or Yellow River (Huang He) Valley civilization o Mesoamerica o Andean South America 4. Classical civilizations o Major political developments in China (political heritage like dynastic cycle, emperor, bureaucracy, etc), India and the Mediterranean o Social and gender structures o Major trading patterns within and among Classical civilizations; contacts with adjacent regions o Arts (from art handouts), science, philosophy (including major Greeks) and technology 5. Major belief systems - Basic features of major world belief systems and where each belief system applied by 600 CE and how it was diffused (spread): o Polytheism o Hinduism o Judaism o Confucianism o Daoism o Buddhism o Christianit o Hellenism (Greek philosophy) 6. Late Classical period (200 CE to 600 CE) o Collapse of empires o Han China o Loss of western portion of the Roman Empire o Gupta o Movements of peoples (Bantus, Huns, Germans, Polynesians) o Interregional networks by 600 CE: Trade and religious diffusion. Major Comparisons and Snapshots o Compare the political and social structure of two early civilizations, using any two of the following: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang Dynasty, and Mesoamerica and Andean South America o Comparisons of the major religious and philosophical systems including some underlying similarities in cementing a social hierarchy, e.g., Hinduism contrasted with Confucianism; Christianity compared with Buddhism, Buddhism, and Hinduism o Compare the role of women in different belief systems – Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism o Understand of how and why the collapse of empire was more severe in western Europe than it was in the eastern Mediterranean or in China o Compare the caste system to other systems of social inequality devised by early and classical civilizations, including slavery o Compare societies and cultures that include cities with pastoral and nomadic societies o Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g. Indian, Chinese and Greek o Describe interregional trading systems, e.g. the Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade