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Digestion and Substances Involved in Digestion Table 1: Digestion Organ Function Mouth Chewing of food and digestion of starch Stomach Storage of food and the initial digestion of proteins Small Intestine Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and most absorption of nutrients Pancreas Production of digestive enzymes that act on foods in the small intestine, production of the hormone insulin which regulates blood sugar, storage of HCO3- ions that neutralize stomach acids in the small intestine Large Intestine Absorption of water and storage of undigested food Table 2: Substances Involved in Digestion Organ Mouth, Salivary Glands Secretion Salivary Amylase Stomach Hydrochloric Acid Function Initiates the breakdown of polysaccharides to simple carbohydrates and disaccharides Converts pepsinogen to pepsin, kills microbes. Pepsinogen When converted to pepsin, initiates the digestion of proteins. Mucus Protects the stomach from pepsin and HCl Rennin Pancreas, Small Intestine Liver Gall Bladder Large Intestine Bicarbonate Coagulates proteins in milk. Neutralize HCl from the stomach Trypsinogen When activated to trypsin, converts long chain proteins (many amino acids) into short chain peptides. Lipase Breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids. Erepsin Completes the breakdown of proteins. Disaccharidases (e.g., maltase) Bile Break down disaccharides (e.g., maltose) into monosaccharides Emulsifies fat Stores concentrated bile from the liver Helps movement of food Mucus
