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Rhodophyta
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Rhodophyta/Biliphyta?
Phylum Rhodophyta
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Lumpers
Shifting Kingdoms
Plantae
Protista
Rhodophyta Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Rhodophyta
•
Photosynthetic, mostly marine red algae
•
Odd features

•
Body multicellular, supported by water, so simple thallus
•
Thallus attached to substrate by holdfast
•
Rarely pelagic (floating)

Chloroplasts have three membranes (secondary endosymbiont)

Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin,
phycocyanin…colors can be red, brown, purple, blue, green, blackish!

Storage materials: floridean starch in cytosol (-1,4-glycan)

Wall polysaccharides: cellulose and agar or carrageenan

No flagella, so centriole missing

Gametangia: spermatangia (male) and carpogonium (female)

Some species encrust with calcium carbonate…contribute to reefs
4000 species
Compsopogon
Here are some of the example red
algae some of these you should have
observed in laboratory.
Caloglossa
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Porphyridium
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.dennerle.de/images/pflanzen/algen/bartmic.gif
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Callithamnion
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cibnor.org/colecciones/malgas/img/poc.jpg
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Caloglossa.jpg
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photo
llery/Callithamnion_baileyi_lb2306.jpg
Porphyridium
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole
http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg
http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/atollpol/ecorecat/images/polyser.jpg
Polysiphonia nigrescens Polysiphonia
nigrescens
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
benthic (attached)
filamentous
common on New
England rocky
coast
2N tetrasporophyte
tetrasporangium
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
tetraspore
(meiospore)
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_tetraspores.jpg
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Polysiphonia nigrescens
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys7c.jpg
Tetraspore (meiospore)
germinates into isomorphic
homothallic gametophyte (1N)
thallus
Male branches near the tops of
the plants produce
spermatangia
Female branches near the
bottom of the thallus produce
carpogonia
Polysiphonia nigrescens
Tetraspore
(meiospore)
germinates into
isomorphic thallus
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Male branches
produce spermatangia
releasing spermatia
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/
marine/algae/polysiphonia%20male.jpg
Female branches produce
carpogonium with trichogyne.
spermatium
Trichogyne receives
spermatium (no flagellum!)
trichogyne
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_female.jpg
Polysiphonia nigrescens
The 2N zygote develops inside
the cystocarp attached to the
gametophyte (1N) thallus.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The cystocarps expand and
mature into carposporangia
Carposporangia release
diploid carpospores
which then germinate
into diploid
tetrasporophytes.
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys11b.jpg
QuickTime™ and a
FF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.microscopyuk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys3.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/marine/algae/Polysiphonia%20nigrescens450.jpg
TkciuQ
serpmocnU( F FIT
ot dedeen era
Polysiphonia Life Cycle
spermatangium
Note: See previous slides for photo credits!
syngamy
zygote
gametes
(inside cystocarp)
(produced by
mitosis)
spermatium
QuickTime™ and a
1N
2N
TIFF to
(Uncompressed)
decompressor
(released
water)
are needed to see this picture.
Carposporophyte
(inside cystocarp)
carpospore
trichogyne
(released to water
settles to substrate
grows by mitosis)
cystocarp
carpogonium
Tetrasporophyte
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Gametophyte
isomorphic
homothallic
tetrasporangium
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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
tetraspore
(released to water
settles to substrate
grows by mitosis)
meiosis
tetrasporocyte
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompresso
are needed to see this picture.