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Themes of US History Intro to US II Theme I: People of the United States • Focus Question: How did the United States become a multiracial/multicultural society? • What is an American? • What factors contributed to ethnic and racial diversity within the United States? • How have Americans responded to the challenges of living in a diverse society? • How has cultural diversity contributed to the development of the United States economy? • The Changing Face of U.S Immigration, 1865-1920 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Maps/Figs/Tables, 19–4 Push & Pull Factors: Reasons Immigrants came to the United States Push – why are people leaving their home countries? Pull – why are people moving to the United States? Most were: agrarian workers mostly unskilled and uneducated Catholics, Jews, and Buddhists unfamiliar with American republican institutions, coming from despotic or repressive regimes Return Rates of roughly 30% are believed accurate 1907 arrival statistics vs 1908 departure statistics Highest: 61% of the Southern Italians returned home. Croatians and Slovenians (59.8%), Slovaks (56.1%) Hungarians (48.7%) Lowest: Jews (categorized as “Hebrews”) had the lowest rate at 5.1%. This is understandable since they fled the pogroms to save their lives and had nowhere to return. Irish (6.3%) – Surprising, when you think of all the nostalgic songs about their homeland The Long Voyage Most immigrants were poor ($50 fair to America on steamship), and had to travel across the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean in miserable conditions Most immigrants traveled in the steerage section airless rooms below deck Diseases spread rapidly in such close quarters ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK • They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations • Immigration officials had minutes to check each new arrival • Names were changed as a result • Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work • From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities • Ellis Island came to be known either as the "Isle of Tears" or the "Isle of Hope.“ ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR Theme 2: Technology, Environment, and the Economy of the United States • Focus Question: How did the United States evolve economically? • How has the availability of natural resources impacted American economic thought? • How important have economic considerations been in the development of American political life? • What has been the relationship between a capitalist economic system and a democratic political system in the American system? • To what extent have the emphases on equality and success been mutually achievable? Industrial Revolution Factors Innovations & Inventions Transportation advances (railroads, etc) New lands & greater ability to utilize natural resources Government policies in relation to big business New business practices & investments Social Darwinism Rising immigration & growing population Urbanization What are some examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population? • Examples of manufacturing areas clustered near centers of population. • Textile industry — New England • Automobile industry — Detroit • Steel industry — Pittsburgh • What forms of transportation moved goods in & out of region? • Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers? • Why would Wisconsin & Michigan have a large number of sawmills? Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. Technological advances were important to Second Industrial Revolution, period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s Bessemer process, invented mid-1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply. Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879 As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction. Railroads Spur Immigration • Railroads attracted settlers to the Great Plains by offering them free land The Automobile The automobile industry grew in steps. 1876 – German engineer invented the gasoline-powered engine. 1893 – The United States built its first practical motorcar. 1908 – Henry Ford introduced the Model T. Ford was first to implement the moving assembly line in manufacturing, making cars more affordable. To maximize efficiency he focused on vertical integration • The gap between the urban and rural populations narrowed in the late 1800s • Why? • About how many more people lived in urban areas in 1900 than in 1860? Theme 3: The United States and the World • Focus Question: How have relations with foreign nations shaped the history of the United States? • To what extent has American involvement in the world reflected domestic concerns? • What tensions have emerged due to economic and political influences in American foreign policy? • How and why have American wars resulted from desire or need? • To what degree has American foreign policy been determined by national ideals? Theme 4: An Evolving Democracy • Focus Question: How has the government of the United States changed? • How have particular understandings of human nature affected American democratic development? • How has the tension between community and individual been addressed over time? • To what extent have the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution remained relevant? • Why and in what manner has the relationship between the individual and the government changed over time? • To what degree has the American political system evolved toward fulfillment of the principles embodied in the nation’s founding documents? • CREDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL • Stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company in 1864 • Stockholders then gave contracts to the company to lay track at 3 times the actual costs and pocketed the difference • They donated shares of the stock to 20 Republican members of Congress in 1867 POSTER FOR BOGUS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY THE GRANGE AND THE RAILROADS GRANGERS PUT A STOP TO RAILROAD CORRUPTION Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroad industry Grangers (a farmers organization) protested land deals, price fixing, and charging different rates to different customers Granger Laws were then passed protecting farmers States were given regulatory control of railroads by the Courts Munn v Illinois Railroads challenge Granger laws regulating rates. Supreme Court rules in favor of states establishing the government’s right to regulate private industry for the public good INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT In 1887, the Federal government re-established their control over railroad activities Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and established a 5member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) The ICC struggled to gain power until 1906 1887 – CONGRESS PASSED THE ICA • Laissez-Faire “Hands Off!” • The reality is that government was there from the very beginning: • imposed tariffs on foreign imports to protect American industries • passed legislation to facilitate corporate financial growth, and • provided millions of dollars in cash and land subsidies to developing industries. 31 BUSINESS GROWTH & CONSOLIDATION • Many entrepreneurs formed their businesses in the late 1800s as corporations, or businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. • Mergers could result in a monopoly (Trust)- complete control over an industry • Holding companies buy out stock of other companies (J.P Morgan) In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil Standard Oil Company was country’s largest refinery Rockefeller - Developed horizontal integration, owning all businesses in a field Formed a trust, grouping many companies under a single board of directors. Andrew Carnegie One of most admired businesspeople of the time Focused on steelmaking Used vertical integration, owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs Accounting systems to track expenses Attracting quality people by offering them stock & benefits By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. The law forbade any combination or organization involved in the restraint of interstate trade (trade between states which the federal government regulates, as opposed to intrastate trade which is trade within a state). Roosevelt and Taft would put the Sherman Act be put to its proper use. (The case against Microsoft in the late 1990s was prosecuted under this 1890 law.) The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce. Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size and power. Congress left it up to the courts to define what "restraint of trade" meant - often sided with business. Theme 5: Social Change • Focus Question: How did individuals or groups initiate change in American life? • Why have some groups needed to fight for their rights? • What methods have been used to achieve social change? • In what ways have the goals of different groups been related? • To what extent have individual and group demands affected American politics and traditions? • Social Darwinism • This philosophy has its origins in Darwin’s theory of evolution • Darwin theorized that some individuals in a species flourish and pass their traits on while others do not • Social Darwinists (like Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of inferiority and laziness URBAN PROBLEMS • Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included: • Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary • Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements When America needed cheap workers for it's factories, guess who it picked? For about 5 cents a day you could work in an unsafe factory just like this and you might come home after work missing a finger or worse! This was no easy job, and there were no protections for workers. What do you notice about this boy? • The number of women and children in the work force doubled between 1870 and 1890 to 4 million women and 1.5 million child workers (ages 10-15) • 14 hour days • In 1899 women made $267 annually, while men were paid $498 (the same year Carnegie made a tax free $23 million)