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XXIII. World War I (1914-18) Allies: Britain David Lloyd George France Georges Clemenceau Russia (1914-1917) Tsar Nicholas II Lenin: Bolshevik (Communist) leader Belgium, Serbia, Japan United States (1918) Pres. Woodrow Wilson Central Powers Germany Kaiser William II Dismissed Bismarck Austro-Hungarian Empire Emperor Francis Joseph Archduke Francis Ferdinand Italy Ottoman Empire (Turkey) The Road to War: Germany Now unified and powerful Huge army; arms race Lack of Bismarck’s vision William II: unstable Desire for large navy (upsets Britain) In center of Europe– surrounded by potential enemies Austro-Hungarian Empire Wants to contain Slavic nationalism in the Balkans. Friends with Germany- so a free hand to act in the Balkans..? France Fear of massive German army. Fear enough to overcome traditional animosity with Britain and Russia. Desire to regain territory lost in Franco-Prussian War. Russia Pan-Slavism Support for Serbia Need to mobilize early for any war, due to vast distances. If war had to come: They wanted a broad, general war; One that would weaken Germany; Not a small, limited war (they would lose). Weak Tsar and weak military Britain Angry with German behavior in Africa and elsewhere No longer an independent “balancer” now driven into alliance with Russia and France Fear of German naval expansion Other causes: Darwin: “Social Darwinism”- “Survival of the fittest”- Wrongly applied to countries and “races.” Belief that a war would be short and not too destructive. No understanding of the power of new weapons: gas warfare machine guns air power submarines Imperialism– competition over colonies Immediate Causes: Balkans: Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated in Sarajevo Austria makes unreasonable demands of Serbia Serbia agrees Austria declares war on Serbia anyway Russia backs Serbia “Willy-Nicky” telegrams Between William II and Nicholas II are ineffective Mobilization Russia must mobilize troops immediately, due to vast distances. Tsar cannot stop it. Germany mobilizes troops, claiming “defensive reaction” to Russian threat German “Schlieffen Plan”: attack France first pin them down then take out Russia, then finish off France thus avoiding “2-front war” Thus Germany goes to war with Russia and France, For no real reason. Alliances lead to attacks: Austria Serbia Russia Austria Germany France (via Belgium– neutral!) France Germany Britain Germany Germany Russia = General war in Europe. No real understanding by any of the leaders of what they were unleashing. Major Battles (huge and bloody stalemates) Tannenberg End Russian advance into Germany So: no quick Russian victory The Marne End German advance on Paris So: no quick German victory 2.5 million troops involved Verdun Germans try to “bleed” French to death Bloodbath for both sides: 1 million troops killed The Somme 1 million troops killed trying to break stalemate of trench warfare “over the top” “no man’s land” TE Lawrence British army officer “Lawrence of Arabia” Helps Arabs against Ottoman Empire (Turks) Britain promises Palestine to Arabs Russian Revolution March 1917: Tsar is overthrown by revolutionaries and troops. Sense of corruption & incompetence of govt. Rasputin’s influence on Romanovs Losing the war to Germany. “Provisional Government” is set up. includes all factions; led by Kerensky “October Revolution” (1917) Lenin returns from exile Lenin’s Bolsheviks (“Reds”) defeat the Mensheviks (“Whites”) seize control of the government Lenin withdraws Russia from the war The Romanovs are executed Creation of the Soviet Union (USSR) Creation of the Red Army US Enters the War in 1917 Partly due to German sub attacks 2 million US troops into Europe Push Germany back US not “in charge” of this war; viewed with little respect by European powers Gen. “Black Jack” Pershing Cease-fire: Nov. 11, 1918 not unconditional surrender. Treaty of Versailles Pres. Wilson travels to Europe; insists on “Fourteen Points,” including: democracy human rights self-determination creation of the League of Nations Allies feel “14 Points” too generous to Germany impose harsher penalties Germany forced by Britain & France: to accept blame for the war, And to pay reparations of $32 billion US Congress rejects membership in League Bitter disappointment to Wilson XXIII. World War I (1914-18) New Countries: Ottoman Empire collapses Middle Eastern/Arab countries emerge “Mandates” of Britain and France Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrates Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia (formed around Serbia) Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia (later claimed by USSR) Austria and Hungary as small, separate countries XXIII. World War I (1914-18) Impact of World War I on the 20th Century: Shattered the myth of a new, liberal, rational society; “Are we really making progress?” 10 million dead “Total War” & war vs. non-combatants New states with new problems Communism and totalitarianism spread End of European hegemony Coming of World War II XXIV. Between the Wars Soviet Union Lenin dies in 1924 Josef Stalin takes power Ruthless and deadly Purges government and army of “enemies” Soviet 5-Year Plans Forced economic and industrial progress Collectivization of farms Central planning Middle East British and French “mandates” Growth of Arab nationalism Jews migrating to Palestine region Britain had promised it to both Jews and Arabs during the war China Long civil war Communists led by Mao Zedong Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek Japan attacks China in early 1930s– temporary truce between Communists and Nationalists USA 1929 Stock Market Crash Great Depression Germany Economic crisis Weak democratic government (“Weimar Republic”) Rise of extremist parties (far left and far right) Forced disarmament Resentment of Britain and France XXV. World War II Part One: Causes of World War II Rise of Totalitarianism Far-Right governments some economic freedom, but the State controls personal freedoms Military dictatorships Secret police Glorification of the State Absolute obedience to the leader Germany Nazi Party of Adolph Hitler Hatred of Jews, Slavs, Communists Desire for land in the East Resentment of loss in WW I and of treatment afterward Took advantage of political and economic chaos in Germany Desired rearmament of Germany Italy Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini Japan Military, expansionist government League of Nations: Could not effectively restrain Japan United States Isolationism Some public sympathy for Germany Pres. Roosevelt (FDR): keeps US out as long as possible Part Two: Beginning of the War Japan invades China Hitler: Chancellor, 1933 rearmament Britain and France warn him, but do not act Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935 1936: Germany reoccupies Rhineland (violation of Treaty) Spanish Civil War Germany provides military support to Spanish Fascists Franco 1938: “Anschluss” Austria surrenders to Germany without a fight. 1938: Sept.: Hitler demands Sudetenland. Munich Conference Britain and France give in to Hitler. Appeasement. “Peace in our time.”– British P.M. Chamberlain 1939: March: Germans take all of Czechoslovakia Britain and France draw the line at Poland. August: German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Secretly agree to divide Poland Avoid fighting each other. World is shocked! Sept.: Germany invades Poland Soviets do not interfere. Britain: Chamberlain out. Churchill in as P.M. Britain and France declare war on Germany. US: neutral, but “Lend-Lease” Part Three: War in Europe April 1940: Blitzkrieg Germany defeats much of Western Europe. Use of speed-- tanks and aircraft The Battle of Britain German air attack on Britain Fails British use radar Victory prevents invasion of Britain The Blitz German massive bombing of Britain by air V-1 and V-2 rockets Churchill rallies the British: “We shall never surrender!” Operation Barbarossa German surprise invasion of the Soviet Union June 22, 1941 1800 mile front. Rapid advance in 3 army groups. 2 million Soviet prisoners by Nov. Stalin: Had ignored warnings Had executed many of his best generals. In shock. Recovers— rallies the people and the army “Great Patriotic War” Cold weather sets in. Largest tank battles in history. Siege at Stalingrad. Stalin demands “second front” in west from Allies. Dec. 7, 1941: US enters the war By 1943: Soviets begin to push Germans back. 1943: Allies invade Italy via North Africa Italy surrenders. Mussolini: killed by his own people. June 6, 1944: D-Day US Gen. Eisenhower “Second front” against Nazis Allied invasion of Europe. Landings at Normandy, France, across the English Channel. Largest amphibious invasion in history. 1944-’45: Allies push toward Germany from the west. Soviets push from the east. Summer 1945: US and Soviet forces link up in Germany. Berlin is overrun by Soviets. Hitler commits suicide in his bunker. Germany: Unconditional surrender. Occupied by US, Britain, France, Soviet Union. Part Four: War in the Pacific Japan, 1930s-1941: Brutal war in China US threatens to cut off supply of scrap iron, fuel, and rubber (1941) Japan: victories in the Pacific and SE Asia Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Indochina Dec. 7, 1941: Japan bombs US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Destroys several battleships US declares war. Mid-1942: US stops Japanese advance Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway Mid-1943: US: long advance on Japan. US Gen. Douglas MacArthur “Island hopping” Capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in huge, bloody battles Japan now within range of US bombers. 1944-’45: US firebombing of Tokyo and other cities. Japanese refuse to surrender. Kamikaze attacks on US fleet. “Manhattan Project” development of atomic bombs. J. Robert Oppenheimer 1945: Franklin Roosevelt dies. Harry Truman is US president. August: Truman authorizes use of atomic bombs. “Little Boy” Is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. No surrender. “Fat Man” Is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Emperor Hirohito surrenders on behalf of Japan, August 1945. Cost and Impact of World War II Allies: Soviet Union: 25 million dead (only 1/3 military casualties) China: 15 million dead Poland: 6 million Yugoslavia: 2 million United Kingdom (Britain & assoc.) 400,000 USA: 300,000 Axis: Germany: 4 million + Japan: 2 million + Holocaust: 6 million Jews killed by the Nazis Along with Gypsies, homosexuals, and mental patients concentration camps / death camps The “Final Solution” Bullets, gas, mass graves, cremation. Total worldwide: About 60 million dead. Millions displaced/refugees. Disease and destruction worldwide. Soviet Union dominates E. Europe. Cold War with West begins soon after. Migration of many Jews to Middle East (Palestine) Decolonization