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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
Predicates
1. Definition –
a. “English Class”: one of the two main constituents of a
sentence or clause, modifying the subject and
including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the
verb
b. “Latin Class”: a noun or adjective used to define or
describe a subject after a linking verb or a direct object
after a verb of naming or making.
2. Types of Predicates in Latin:
a. Predicate Nominative – a noun (or adjective) used
with a linking verb to define or make a statement
about the subject
i. common linking verbs:
1. **sum, esse, fuī, futūrus – to be**
2. passive voice of verbs of naming, making,
including the irregular passive of faciō,
facere (i.e. fiō, fiērī, factus sum – to
become, be made)
3. passive of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (as
passive, translated “seem” or “__ seen as”)
ii. examples: (predicate underlined)
1. meī magistrī sunt stultī.
2. agricola vir bonus fuit.
3. Caesar ā senātōribus dictātor creātus est.
4. puer saepe appellābātur parvus.
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
5. tuus magister irātus vidētur.
b. Predicate Accusative – a noun (or adjective)
following the direct object of a verb of making /
naming
i. common verbs of making or naming:
1. appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum
– to name, call
2. vōcō, vōcāre, vōcāvī, vōcātum – to call
3. creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum – to create, to
elect, appoint
4. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – to make
ii. examples: (predicate underlined)
1. meus magister mē irātam semper facit!
2. senātus populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem
patrem patriae nōmināvērunt.
3. mea mater prīmum fīlium Lūcium
appellāverat sed secundum Mārcum.
4. tēne laetum facere possum?
5. nōlī mē obēsum vōcāre!
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
Appositives
1. Definition:
a. “English class”:
i. “Not-so-clear”: A construction in which a noun
or noun phrase is placed with another as an
explanatory equivalent, both having the same
syntactic relation to the other elements in the
sentence.
ii. “Even-less-clear”: A syntactic relation between
expressions, usually consecutive, that have the
same function and the same relation to other
elements in the sentence, the second expression.
b. “Latin Class”: a noun used to describe another
antecedent noun, both in the same case
i. antecedent = “preceding, prior”
ii. the second noun “explains” the first
2. Terminology and Etymology:
a. “Apposition” derives from ad + ponere
i. ponō, ponere, posuī, positum – to place or put
ii. ad, prep. – near, at, towards
b. An “appositive” is a word that is “put near” the word
it is defining
c. A noun that renames another preceding noun is “in
apposition” to that noun.
d. A noun that renames another preceding noun is that
preceding noun’s “appositive.”
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
3. Apposition v. Predication
a. Predicate Nominatives require a linking verb, but
appositive’s don’t
i. “Mr. Chang smells funny.” – predicate
nominative after linking verb “smells”
ii. “Mr. Chang, a funny teacher, teaches my class.”
- an appositive noun phrase explaining “Mr.
Chang”, i.e. “a funny teacher” is in apposition to
“Mr. Chang”
b. Predicate Accusatives depend on a verb of naming or
making, representing what the direct object is “made
into” or “named as”, while appositives are for
anything else.
i. “This class leaves me happy.” – predicate
accusative after verb of making “leaves”
ii. “Mr. Chang teaches me, a happy kid.” –
appositive noun phrase explaining “me”, i.e. “a
happy kid” is in apposition to the antecedent
pronoun “me”.
c. Predicates are either nominative or accusative, but an
appositive can rename a word in any case
i. “Give my pet James a treat to eat.”
ii. “I live with Vanessa, my wife.”
iii. “I inherited the facial bone-structure of Dr.
Chang, my father.”
iv. “Win one for the ole’ teach, Mr. Chang.”
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
d. In English, predicates never use commas, while
appositives often need commas
i. “The students are restless.”
ii. “I dare not enter the classroom, den of restless
students, without a personal safari-guide and a
Sherpa.”
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
Examples:
1. magister discipulōs Latīnam linguam discere amābat.
2. Euripidēs Medeam, claram fābulam, scrīpsit.
3. doceō vōs omnēs Latīnam linguam.
4. mea mater ad forum cum Vanessā, mea uxōre, īvit.
5. monstrāte celeriter Marcō et Iuliae, nostrīs amīcīs,
brevem viam ē montibus, o mīlitēs!
6. Ceres, dea frūmentī, per omnēs terrās fīliam Proserpinam
diū quaerēbat.
7. mea uxor, meae lūx vītae, est pulchra et benigna et
patiens.
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Apposition and Review of the Predicate
8. ōlim in Hispānia, patriā in Eurōpā, habitāverāmus.
9. nostrī parentēs multa dōna bona fīlābus, Annae Iūliaeque,
dedērunt.
10. Romulus, prīmus rēx Rōmānus, ob imperiī cupiditātem
frātrem Remum ōlim necāverat.
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