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Name: ____________________________________________________________ Date: _____________ Excerpts from Classical Governments Directions: Read the following excerpts and answer the questions in complete sentences Document A: "Pericles: Funeral Oration (ca. 430 BCE)." World History: Ancient Student Analysis (Text Dependent Questions) and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 15 June 2015. Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. 1. What message is Pericles trying to share about Athens? Document B: Student Analysis (Text Dependent Questions) "Polybius: on the best of all political systems." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 15 June 2015. In this excerpt from his Histories, the Greek historian Polybius (ca. 205–ca. 123 BCE) discusses the workings of the Roman Republic. 2. Explain the meaning of the word democracy. 1. Explain the meaning of the word republic. The three kinds of government I spoke of [monarchy, aristocracy, democracy] above all shared in the control of the Roman state. And such fairness and propriety in all respects was shown in the use of these three elements for drawing up the constitution and in its subsequent administration that it was impossible for even a native to pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical. This was indeed only natural. For if one fixed one's eyes on the power of the consuls, the constitution seemed completely monarchical and royal; if on that of the senate, it seemed to be aristocratic; and when one looked at the power of the masses, it seemed clearly to be a democracy. The parts of the state falling under the control of each element were, and with a few modifications, still are as follows: The consuls, previous to leading out their legions, exercise authority in Rome over all public affairs, since all the other magistrates except the tribunes are under them and bound to obey them, and it is they who introduce embassies to the senate. 1 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Date: _____________ To pass to the senate: In the first place, it has control of the treasury, all revenue and expenditure being regulated by it. … Similarly, crimes committed in Italy which require a public investigation, such as treason, conspiracy, poisoning, and assassination, are under the jurisdiction of the senate. 2. How does Polybius use evidence to support the idea that Rome was a republic? It is the people who bestow office on the deserving, the noblest reward of virtue in a state; the people have the power of approving or rejecting laws, and what is most important of all, they deliberate on the question of war and peace. Further, in the case of alliances, terms of peace, and treaties, it is the people who ratify all these, or the reverse. Thus, here again, one might plausibly say that the people's share in the government is the greatest, and that the constitution is a democratic one. Document C: "The Analects of Confucius: chapters 1–4 (ca. 490 BCE)." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 15 June 2015. (The Master = Confucius) Chapter II 1. THE Master said: "In governing, cleave to good; as the north star holds his place, and the multitude of stars revolve upon him." Student Analysis (Text Dependent Questions) 1. Explain how Confucius and his students interact in this text. 3. The Master said: "Guide the people by law, subdue them by punishment; they may shun crime, but will be void of shame. Guide them by example, subdue them by courtesy; they will learn shame, and come to be good." 19. Duke Ai asked: "What should be done to make the people loyal?" 2. Explain the relationship between the government or leader and the people. Confucius answered: "Exalt the straight, set aside the crooked, the people will be loyal. Exalt the crooked, set aside the straight, the people will be disloyal." 20. Chi K'ang asked how to make the people lowly, faithful, and willing. The Master said: "Behave with dignity, they will be lowly: be pious and merciful, they will be faithful: exalt the good, teach the unskilful, they will grow willing." 2