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Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. Define Hunter Gatherer. Name some characteristics of Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers. How did prehistoric Hunter Gatherers adapt to the environment? Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. What type of tools did prehistoric Hunter Gatherers use ? What did they use the tools for? Give two examples of technology for prehistoric Hunter Gatherers. What was probably the most important discovery during the stone age? The Beginnings of Human Society Prehistory Prehistory Key Terms •Hunter-Gatherer •Land Bridge •Beringia •Migrate •Culture •Nomad •Technology •Social •Old Stone Age •New Stone Age •Domesticate •Irrigate •Artifacts •Prehistory •Surplus •Climates •Archeology •Geography •Agriculture The Stone Age: Two Periods The Old Stone Age The New Stone Age During the Old Stone Age, people were Hunter Gatherers. They did not know how to farm. They hunted animals and foraged (gathered plants, roots, and berries) to survive. They used stone tools to cut meat, cut animal skins for clothes, and to protect themselves. Eventually, Old Stone Age people began hunting in groups. Most of prehistory takes place in the Old Stone Age. The New Stone Age began about 11,000 years ago in Southwest Asia. The New Stone Age began when people began planting seeds and farming. The Stone Age The Stone Age began when humans first made tools out of stone. Humans used the sharp pieces to cut plants or meat. The first tools were very simple, and the Stone Age lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. Shelter and Clothing This is a prehistoric shelter that people in Russia used about 18,000 years ago. They are built out of the bones of the Wooly Mammoth, which was a very large animal that resembled an elephant. These shelters protected early humans from the weather, and from predators. Prehistoric Man did not have to worry about freezing. He made warm clothes from animal skins.. Nomads The hunter-gatherer society lived in clans and were nomadic Nomadic groups were people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land. Technology Technology Cave Paintings • Prehistoric man did something rather unusual. For some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on cave walls • His paintings were added to the paintings already on the cave walls, left by other Prehistoric men. • Over time, a cave might accumulate hundreds of paintings. Colors used most often were brown, yellow/tan, dark red, and coal black Why did they do this? To express themselves. Religion? What was the technology? Technology Prehistoric man improved stones by hammering at soft volcanic rock, and the volcanic rock chipped off into sharp pieces. What was the technology? Technology Earlier Later Technology Fire! About 500,000 years ago, during the Old Stone Age, people discovered fire. It is thought that people began striking stones together to make a spark, or maybe they rubbed two sticks together. When people learned how to make fire, they could move to colder places. What was the technology? Journal Questions 1. 2. What was the communication like for prehistoric Hunter Gatherers? What were the roles of men and women in Hunter Gatherer communities? Communication Communication •Communication was very rudimentary (simple) •Sounds and gestures •Developed gradually •Imitating sounds in nature Roles of Prehistoric Man and Woman Roles of Prehistoric Man and Woman Men Woman Hunted Foraged Physical Domestic Who do you think were the first farmers? Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What effect did climate change have on prehistoric Hunter Gatherers? How were societies able to develop during the Stone Age? Why did agriculture develop? What was the effect of agriculture on human society? What is subsistence living? Climate Change Humans (nomadic hunter-gatherers) spread out across the globe (in bands of 25-70 people) in search of game and edible plants. •The ice created a *bridge between what we now call Siberia and Alaska. Humans crossed this bridge to North America and spread to South America very quickly. The ice age ended about 10,000 years ago (8000 BCE), leaving humans living all over the world. •The bridge between Siberia and Alaska disappeared, leaving humans in the Americas separated from the rest of the world. Temperatures increased, creating a longer growing season. The ice receded, making the land drier and better for growing plants Allowing people to migrate to other parts of the world. During the ice age, a lot of large game was hunted to extinction (like wholly mammoths). The invention of farming allowed people to maintain a steady food supply. The Beginning of Farming •When people discovered farming, about 11,000 years ago, the New Stone Age began. It is thought that women may have been the first farmers, since men were always off hunting. Women gathered plants and seeds, and it is likely that they discovered farming. •Nomads to semi permanent settlements – When people began farming, they did not have to travel around anymore. They could get food from the land that they lived on. This made life easier, safer, and created a more reliable source of food. Because people began to live in semi-permanent places they began building shelters that looked more like houses. •When farming began, people settled in lands with fertile soil. Fertile soil is soil that has nutrients, which help plants grow the best. •subsistence living – The first farmers could only grow enough to feed and clothe themselves. Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain how domestication fostered agricultural development. What was a result of agricultural development? What were some agricultural techniques that promoted a surplus production? How did irrigation play a role in agricultural development? What were examples of early irrigation techniques? Domestication Humans learned another important skill during the New Stone Age. They learned to domesticate, or tame, wild animals. Dogs may have been among the first animals that were domesticated, because they could help early humans hunt. Humans also tamed sheep, cows, and pigs. This meant that they had a ready source of meat - they could just kill one of their domesticated animals when they needed food, instead of going out and hunting. These agricultural developments led to the advent of semi-permanent human settlements. The domestication of animals and plants fostered agricultural development because man didn’t have to travel in search of food this allowed them extra time to develop better farming techniques. Agricultural Techniques 1. 2. 3. 4. Irrigation Development of plows and other instruments Water wheels Use of animals to assist labor Agricultural Techniques Irrigation In places, like Egypt or the Arabian peninsula, it hardly rains at all. Farmers can't rely just on the rainfall to water their crops. They have to find some way of getting water from the *river to their fields. That's called "wet farming," and the way they get water from the river is called "irrigation." This agricultural technique allowed farmers to make farms bigger and more productive. Sophisticated irrigation techniques like dams, canals, and ditches helped produce an extra supply of food “surplus.” Irrigation Irrigation Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. What is a surplus? How was a food surplus achieved in prehistoric times? Why was the concept of food surplus so important? Surplus Domestication of plants and animals led to a food surplus. With techniques such as irrigation agriculture became more refined. It was now possible to feed larger groups of people from relatively small numbers of food-sources, and still have an extra amount of food left over for storage during the winter months. People in agricultural communities had a more reliable food source than hunter gatherers and thus had a higher chance of survival. This created a population explosion and over time villages, then towns, and eventually cities, took shape. Surplus Another effect of the food surplus was that not everybody needed to be involved almost solely in the activity of finding and preparing food. People now had more time to specialize in other things and they could develop other types of skills. New skilled professions were born such as tool-making, milling, pottery, weaving, and carpentry, to name a few. Thus, the Neolithic Revolution gave rise to rapid technological progress that continues unabated to the present day. Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. How were societies able to move from subsistence living to a more complex society? What resulted when people moved from subsistence living to a more complex economic system? What happened when economies became better and more efficient? Where and why did major trading routes develop? Subsistence Living (Beginning Neolithic) surplus specialization trade (Beginning of Civilizations) Complex Society Building Blocks of Civilization Writing/ Language Trade Farming Religion Government Settle in place Social Class Surplus Specialization Building Blocks of Civilization •Early man needed to develop a government to help them live together in peace •They had time to develop a language, pottery, basketry, weaving, culture, art, domesticated animals, division of labor, towns, religion, and specialized institutions •They established civilizations that could trade and communicate with other civilizations •As societies moved to a more complex economic system civilizations began to develop •Population growth which eventually created cities 1. 2. 3. 4. Journal Questions How can the natural environment shape the development of a civilization? What geographical feature did the first four Ancient Civilizations have in common? Give five reasons why rivers were ideal locations for Ancient Civilizations to arise. What was a disadvantage of Ancient Civilizations developing on rivers? Geography/Natural Environment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rivers – provide resources Mountains – provide protection Deserts – provide protection/isolation Oceans/Seas – provide protection and resources Climate – comfortable climate makes for desirable to live What do the Earliest Civilizations have in common? Rivers Rivers Rivers provided: 1. Water for drinking, irrigation, and sanitation. 2. A means of travel/transportation and trade 3. Natural defense against attack 4. Fertile land 5. Food – fishing and other animals Rivers In addition to providing valuable resources, it is important to understand that these rivers could be dangerous in times of flooding. Civilizations had to take measures to control flooding and/or lessen the severity of the impact. In spite of these attempts to control flooding, early civilizations often suffered devastating losses associated with this phenomenon. Activities: Have your child: •Chart the similarities and differences of early civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China. •Create a tour brochure that shows the cultural attractions of a place related to a classical civilization width="380"/> (Greek, Roman, Indian, Chinese). •Create a timeline of people and events from early civilizations. •Identify items in the home that were used or invented by ancient civilizations (for example, baskets, clocks, paper, calendars). •Label a map of the locations of Aztecan, Mayan, and Incan civilizations. Discuss the geographic influences on these civilizations. •Make flashcards of important facts about African or Asian civilizations. •Read the world section of the newspaper and discuss countries related to early and/or classical civilizations. •Visit museums when exhibits arrive about early and/or classical civilizations. •Watch programs on public television or history channels related to early and/or civilizations. Discuss how content in these programs relates to topics being studied in school. •Write a newspaper article about the spread of the bubonic plague and its effects from the perspective of someone living then. •Write a poem about an important person of the Renaissance or Reformation. •Identify a non-native plant or animal in the local community or region. Research its origins, probable course of introduction, and effects on the local environment. 4 early River Valley Civilizations • Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Egyptian Civilization - Nile River • Harappan Civilization - Indus River width="380"/> • Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River Mesopotamia width="380"/> 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Journal Questions Name some characteristics of Mesopotamia. Describe where Mesopotamia is located. What did most of the society do for a living in Mesopotamia? Name some agricultural products produced by Mesopotamia. Describe the trade that resulted from the production of goods in Mesopotamia. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Journal Questions What are the two rivers associated with Mesopotamia? Describe the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia (geography). Describe the writing system of Mesopotamia. Describe the religion of Mesopotamia. What was the architecture like in Mesopotamia? Tigris and Euphrates Physical Characteristics (Geography) • • • • • • Fertile land between the rivers Land near the Mediterranean Sea (Forests) Zagros Mountains in the East Grasslands in the South To the West lay deserts In the center was a vast plain Cuneiform •Wedge shape writing •Oldest writing system •Original purpose was economic (record business transactions) •Used to record memoranda, lists of goods, receipts, contracts, etc •Oldest literature was epic poem The Epic of Gilgamesh Writing was reserved for the wealthy classes Religion •The people were Polytheistic (believed in many gods) •They used the gods and goddesses to explain things in nature •All land belonged to the gods and kings were their representatives •Originally, each city-state had its own patron god but later all gods were collected into a hierarchy reflecting Sumerian values •Afterlife – sad and gloomy place (later used as model for Hell) Religion Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. Your status depended where you lived in relation to it. They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder. Sun-dried mud brick is used as the building blocks. Architecture •They adapted to their environment for the architecture. •Sun-dried mud bricks are used as the building blocks. •Defensive purposes – Walls around the cities, Ziggurats, and houses •Religious purposes •Homes •Palaces Journal Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Explain the social divisions of Ancient Mesopotamia. Name and describe the civilizations of Ancient Mesopotamia. Describe the government of Ancient Mesopotamia. What are some notable examples associated with Ancient Mesopotamia? Social Class System in Mesopotamia Ruler Priests Wealthy (business, landowners, rulers family) Artisans Farmers Slaves Civilizations of Mesopotamia •Sumeria – The first •Babylon – Hammurabi-founder of the Old Babylonian Empire Conquered Sumeria Most known for his code of laws The Code of Hammurabi Nebuchadnezzar- New Babylon Hanging Gardens of Babylon •Phoenicia – Alphabet, Trade colonies (Carthage), Purple Dye Government in Mesopotamia • • • Although all the cities shared the same culture each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, and functioned like an independent country. All land belonged to the gods and kings were their representatives Kings and priests afforded special place in society Theocracy – rule by gods or priests Notable Examples of Mesopotamia II. The City-State Structure of Government Notable Examples of Mesopotamia II. The City-State Structure of Government Notable Examples of Mesopotamia II. The City-State Structure of Government 1. Sumerians (ancient Sumer’s city-states) (3000 B.C. - 1800 B.C.) 2. Babylonians (Babylonian Empire) ( 1800 B.C. - 1200 B.C. 3. Assyrians (Assyrian Empire) (1200 B.C. - 539 B.C.) 4. Persians (Persian Empire) (539 B.C. - 330 B.C.)