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“The War of Northern Aggression” (to the South) A: Slavery B: State’s Rights Frederick Douglass •Prominent speaker for American Anti-Slavery Society •Former slave •Started antislavery newspaper: North Star William Lloyd Garrison •Uncompromising abolitionist •Constitution supported slavery; had to change the Constitution Sojourner Truth •Born: Isabella Baumfree •Former slave Martin Delany •1st African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School •Founded newspaper: Mystery •Supported colonization in Liberia Harriet Tubman •Former slave •Conductor on the Underground Railroad Participation of Women Allowed Sarah & Angelina Grimke’ Sojourner Truth Race African Americans need was urgent Believed whites saw them as inferior Tacticsb North •Abolition was a radical idea •Merchants : worried it would sour business between N & S •White workers & labor leaders: competition would lower wages •Blacks seen as inferior •People don’t want them living in their neighborhoods South •Southerners: outraged & defended slavery •Postmasters refused to deliver abolitionist literature •Southern congressmen: Gag Rule passed 40,000 – 100,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad Wanted: Harriett Tubman AKA: Black Moses $40,000 Reward I have, Senators, believed from the first that… the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely & effective measure, end in disunion [of the United States]… It has reached a point when it can no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the greatest & the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be preserved? ~John C. Calhoon March 4, 1850 Review: Set 36’30 line Provided balance in the Senate Motives Manifest destiny Obtain California from Mexico Racism: Mexicans considered “semi-Indian” Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) US gained California & New Mexico Territory US settled claims with citizens against Mexico ($3.2 million) US paid Mexico $15 million South: government had no right denying citizens of their “property” or preventing them from taking their “property” to territories North: areas should be closed to slavery while they are still territories; stop the spread of “Slave Power” David Wilmot (Penn-D) Amendment ▪ “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in any territory gained from Mexico Popular Sovereignty People in the territories decide on the issue of slavery California asks to join as a free state Admission would shift the balance of power in senate Solution: Come up with another compromise Henry Clay (Kent) – wrote compromise John C. Calhoon (S.C.) – opposed Compromise Daniel Webster (Mass) – favored Compromise Find the 5 provisions of the Compromise of 1850. You have 5 minutes! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. California admitted as a free state People in New Mexico & Utah territories would decide the issue of slavery Sale of slavery in DC abolished (but not slavery) Texas would give up claims to New Mexico for $10 million Fugitive Slave Act : Ambiguity of popular sovereignty 1. 2. S: insisted on not prohibiting slavery during territorial stage N: settlers could bar slavery when they wished Fugitive Slave Act 1. ALL citizens of US would assist in the return of escaped slaves. 2. Trial by jury denied to escaped slaves. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe Cannibals All (1857): George Fitzhugh •Illustrated that slavery was opposed to beliefs many Northerners held (importance of women & ideal family) •Simon Legree, slaver owner, everything the North feared & despised •Slavery could corrupt anyone •Presented a picture of slavery in the South Northerners could believe •Northern industrialists were no better than cannibals •Didn’t care about workers pay, living conditions & could easily replace workers •Slave holders had a vested interest in their slaves Northerners: US could not be a country of Simon Legrees Slavery would ruin the US South: Represented the true spirit of the American Revolution since Revolutionary leaders had slaves Slave households had order, grace & a sense of liberty Northerners were arrogant & self righteous In a nutshell: made the 2 sides hate each other more Senator: Illinois Drafted the Kansas Nebraska Act 2 motivations: 1. Wanted Chicago to benefit from western development 2. Wanted to run for president Supported the practice of popular sovereignty Asking the nation to repeal the Missouri Compromise 1820 9 months debate; finally passed Members: Northerners who were disgusted with the Kansas-Nebraska Act Dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”, the repeal of the Kansas Nebraska Act & the Fugitive Slave Act Whigs fell apart after 1850 Know Nothings (1854) Grew out of the issue of Nativism AKA: The American Party Every American & naturalized Protestant citizen throughout the Union, [should] use his utmost exertions to aid the cause by organizing & freeing the country from that monster [Catholicism] which… is only waiting… to approach to plant its flag of tyranny, persecution, and oppression among us. The American Party Immigrant Aid Society: 1200 free soilers to Kansas Proslavery settlers in Missouri went to Kansas to vote illegally 1855: 2 constitutions & capitals Topeka: Antislavery Lecompton: Proslavery 1856: proslavery southerners looted offices & homes in Lawrence John Brown led a group to a proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek Killed 5 men Looting in Lawrence + Pottawatomie Creek = summer of murderous raids known as “Bleeding Kansas” Senator Charles Sumner’s speech “Crime Against Kansas” earned him a beating at the hands of Preston Brooks. Proslavery group writes a constitution: Lecompton Constitution Most in Kansas were anti-slavery Buchanan supported Lecompton Constitution Constitution defeated: Aug. 1858 Kansas remained a territory where slavery was legal Democrats Know Nothings Republicans James Buchannan Millard Fillmore John C. Freemont “Courted” immigrants Supported the Kansas Nebraska Act Feared foreigners & Catholics Federal government has the right to restrict slavery; Kansas admitted as a free state; supported temperance Support of South & key Northern states Winner Hoped the Supreme Court would deal with the issue of slavery for good Strong Northern support • 7:2 decision against Scott • Effects of decision: 1. Slaves did not have rights to sue in court 2. Enslaved people could not win freedom by living in a free territory or state 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional & all territories were open to slavery • Illinois deeply divided over slavery •7 debates on the issue of slavery in the territories •Who would YOU vote for? Why? Stephen Douglas (D) • White Americans were superior to African Americans •Tolerated slavery •Supported popular sovereignty WINNER Abraham Lincoln (R) •Shared Douglas’ views regarding African Americans •Majority should not have the power to deny a minority of their rights •Did not believe the federal government had to power to forbid slavery •Slavery was wrong; an issue of morals “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave & half free. I do no expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not except the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.” -Abraham Lincoln June 1858 Attacked a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia 21 men (5 African Americans) Plan: give weapons to enslaved people so they could rebel Surrendered to Col. Robert E. Lee Brown: guilty of treason & to be hung Southern (D) Moderate Southern (Constitutional Union) Northern (D) Northern (R) John C. Breckinridge John Bell Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln Committed to an Slaveholder aggressive policy of expanding slavery in the territories. Supported popular sovereignty Against slavery in the territories NC, AR, DE, MD, TX, TN, KY & VA LA, MS, AL, FL, GA & SC NJ (split) & MO Every free state except NJ (split) On the ballot in the South On the ballot in the North Lincoln won with out 1 southern electoral vote; 39% of popular vote; 180 majority electoral college votes Southerners outraged Planters & proslavery called for the South to secede Secessionists argued: states joined voluntarily & could choose to leave Lower South Secedes & forms the Confederate Sates of America & elected Jefferson Davis President Sen. John Crittenden (Kent): plan would recognize slavery south of 36 30; Lincoln: NO Horace Greeley: let the seceding states go peacefully Northern businessmen: force the states to return Succession wrong Committed to preventing the expansion of slavery Duty to enforce the laws of the US We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield & patriot grave to every living heart… will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Abraham Lincoln 1st Inaugural Address & plea to the South Federal troops occupied Lincoln needed to resupply Symbol of the Union he swore to preserve Fighting = responsible for starting a war Abandoning = acknowledging the authority of the Confederate government Confederate Pres ordered Gen PGT Beauregard to demand Sumter’s surrender Anderson: NO April 12, 1861: Beauregard opened fire; Anderson surrendered Lincoln had no choice but to respond Asked for volunteers South = act of war 4 border states = uncommitted 1. Where were most of the textiles & other manufacturing centers located? North or South 2. Where was most of the food grown or produced? North or South 3. Where was most of the population located in 1860? North or South 4. Where were most of the railroads located? North or South 5. Where were most of the lines of communication located? North or South North/Union •2x railroad tracks & factories (21,700: 9000 miles; 110,000: 20,600) •Balanced economy: farming & industry •Financially: better off •Already functioning government •Existing army & navy • 2/3 of nation’s population (21.5 million: 9 million) South/Confederacy •7 of 8 military colleges were in the South •Most officers sided with the Confederacy •Only needed to defend borders & not initiate attacks •Soldiers were eager to fight: “a struggle for their way of life” North •Lincoln orders a blockade of seceded states •Troops & gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi •Cut the Confederacy in 2; the Anaconda Plan •Seize the capitol: Richmond, Virginia South •Prepare & wait •War of attrition •Stop exporting cotton to Europe New bullet shaped ammo Rifling Shells Canister persuade people to sacrifice personal interests for the common good Build loyalty to the new government Fewer resources Lee called for a draft 3 yr service White men 18 – 35; later 45 then 50 Farmers had to contribute 1/10 of produce Taxed income to pay for war Male slaves seized for military labor States worked against draft officials Asked Europe for help No recognition Britain: ports used for privateers France: would not support Confederacy w/o Britain Had to convince citizens that saving the Union was worth the loss Britain: threatened invasion after 2 Confed representatives taken off a British ship Lincoln - $19 billion from Britain for compensation Pacific Railroad Act Homestead Act Tariffs $$ to War Federal income tax: 3 – 5% Internal Revenue Act: tax on liquor, tobacco, medicine & newspaper ads Northern draft $300 buy your way out Copperheads: Democrats against the war Lincoln: Army shut down opposition newspapers Disloyal legislative members arrested Kent: martial law Suspended writ of habeas corpus Lincoln opposed slavery; lacked power to abolish Ending slavery = strategy to end war 1/1/63: Emancipation Proclamation Slaves in areas of rebellion are free Announcement = Democrats made gains in election of 1862 Union Gen. Benjamin Butler: seize enemy’s property – contraband July 1862: Lincoln allows African Americans to join the military ‘65: 180,000 ; +1/2 were former slaves July 1863: Massachusetts 54th Infantry under command of Robert Gould Shaw led attack on Ft. Wagner South: food shortages, labor shortages, desertions, women filled jobs North: some industries hurt, women filled jobs, cheaply made products = more profits Andersonville: most notorious 35,000 men on 26 acres 100 died a day 1:4 soldiers died from disease Dysentery, typhoid, malaria, pneumonia 1:5 died from wounds Clara Barton “angel of the battlefield”: found the American Red Cross Battle Casualties Ft. Sumter Commanders Victory Significance C: Beauregard U: Anderson Confed Opening shots of Civil War 1st Battle of Bull Run U: 2900 C: -200 U:McDowell C: Beauregard, Thomas & Stonewall Jackson Union 1st major battle Shiloh U: +13,000 C: ~11,000 U: Grant & Buell C: Johnson Union Bloodiest single battle Antietam U: +12,000 C: ~14,000 U: McClellan C: Lee Union Bloodiest DAY of the Civil War Fredericksburg U: 13,000 C: 5000 U: Burnside C: Lee Confed Burnside’s actions led to the massacre of his men Gettysburg U: +23,000 C: +28,000 U: Meade, Chamderlain C: Lee, Longstreet, Picket Union Bloodiest battle Vicksburg U: Grant C: Pemberton Union Confed surrendered; Union controls Mississippi R. Atlanta U: Sherman C: Hood Union Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground 9/19/1863 2 minute speech 15,000 people gathered to hear Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Problems Radical Republicans: angered Lincoln vetoes Wade-Davis Bill Supported John C. Fremont Democrats George McClellan Capture of Atlanta = support for Lincoln = 212 of 233 electoral votes Ratified December 18, 1865 “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” Lincoln: slavery once divided a nation, let’s begin to heal wounds Sherman moves North Confed: -35,000 starving men in Richmond Grant blocked Lee’s moves April 9: Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House Group led by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865: shot Lincoln in the head at Ford’s Theater 14 days for the funeral train to travel from DC to Springfield, IL