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Transcript
Blood February 18, 2014 What is the function of blood? Transports material throughout the body, including: • • • • • • • • Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Electrolytes Hormones Immune cells HEAT!! Why do we need oxygen? Why can you die from blood loss? We need oxygen to do cellular Lack of oxygen in heart and brain respiration – to convert glucose into ATP What is blood made of? plasma ~55%, platelets & white blood cells ~1%, red blood cells ~44% Blood Components Plasma (~55% TOTAL VOLUME) ~92% water ~7% proteins Albumin (osmotic balance) Fibrinogen (clotting) Antibodies (immune) Hormones (regulation) ~1% other solutes Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane permeability) Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Blood Components Erythocytes (~44% TOTAL VOLUME) aka red blood cells tiny! lack a nucleus, have few organelles contain hemoglobin – an ironcontaining protein that reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of CO2) How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their function? - very small to fit through small capillaries - small size and lack of nucleus, most organelles designed to maximize oxygen transport Blood Components Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME) aka white blood cells Blood is typically stained with chemicals that bind to certain proteins to aid in identification of cells fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – diapedesis summoned to damaged areas by chemotaxis, move by ameboid motion Blood Components Leukocyte Types Granulocytes – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually shaped nuclei a) Neutrophils – phagocytes; abundant during bacterial infection b) Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy attacks c) Basophils assist in inflammatory response Blood Components Leukocyte Types Agranulocytes – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei a) Lymphocytes – most numerous; include B and T cells; produce antibodies and attack infected cells b) Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens Blood Components Platelets (<1% TOTAL VOLUME) cell fragments involved in blood clotting Review 1: What is blood made of? Identify each component, and justify your response! A B C D Review 2: Structure & Function Identify the component of blood that transports each material, and justify your response! • • • • • • • • Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Electrolytes Hormones Immune cells HEAT!! Review 3: Compare & Contrast Turn & Talk – 2 min Compare & contrast the structure and function of erythrocytes and leukocytes Blood Groups All cells in the body have genetically-determined glycoproteins on their surface; the combinations of these are unique to each individual and are involved in self / nonself recognition Some of these proteins are also antigens – they cause an immune response in individuals that do not posses them The proteins (blood factors) that cause the greatest immune response belong to the ABO and Rh groups. Antigen – Antibody Reactions Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune response, including the release of antibodies that bind to and attack them Where are antigens found? Surface of pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, etc.) Vaccines (that’s why they work!) Allergens (e.g. pollen, dust, etc.) Cancer cells (foreign b/c cell has mutated) Transplanted tissue / organs Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that bind to and destroy antigens. Antibodies are specific to certain antigens Agglutination When antibodies bind to RBCs, they cause agglutination, or clumping Why is this bad? Initially, clumps clog small capillaries, causing pain and reduced blood flow Later, RBCs that are bound to the antibodies lyse or break open, releasing hemoglobin into the blood – which can cause kidney failure ABO blood group In the ABO blood group, there are two antigens, “A” and “B”, found on the surface of RBCs You can have one type of antigen, both types, or neither You develop antibodies to the type of antigens you don’t have during infancy ABO blood group & transfusions The key to transfusions: You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune system will attack that blood. Fill out the chart … Blood Type Can donate to Can receive from A B AB O ABO blood group & transfusions The key to transfusions: You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune system will attack that blood. Fill out the chart … Blood Type Can donate to A A, AB B B, AB AB AB O O, A, B, AB Can receive from A, O B, O A, B, AB, O O Rh Blood Group The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D” People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens. Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be sensitized to the D antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second time. Blood Type Rh+ Rh- Can donate to Can receive from Rh Blood Group The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D” People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens. Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be sensitized to the D antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second time. Blood Type Rh+ Rh- Can donate to Rh+ Rh-, Rh+ What is the universal donor? Can receive from Rh-, Rh+ Rh- The universal recipient? Rh Blood Group & Pregnancy Rh- moms can carry a Rh+ baby if the dad is Rh+ The first baby is usually born without any problems, but, during delivery, some of the baby’s D antigens will contact the mom’s blood, causing her to be sensitized to D antigens. If the mom becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ baby, her immune system will attack the baby’s blood, causing brain damage or death to the fetus. This can be prevented by giving the mother medicine that prevents her from developing antibodies against D antigens. Blood Typing Antiserum is a solution that contains antibodies against a specific antigen (i.e. antiserum A contains type A antibodies). Blood type is determined by adding antiserum A, B, and D to blood and observing whether or not agglutination occurs. Genetics Refresher We have two versions – or alleles – of every gene. One inherited from our mom, one from our dad. The two alleles (genotype) interact to determine our trait (phenotype) in predictable ways. Some alleles are dominant, some are recessive. Dominant genes show their trait and ‘cover up’ recessive genes. IA (A) and IB (B) are dominant to i (O). D (+) is dominant to d (–) Some alleles are codominant. This means both alleles fully express their trait. IA and IB are codominant with each other. Genotype to Phenotype What blood type will result from each genotype? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IAiDD iidd IB IB Dd IA IB dd IB iDd Genotype to Phenotype What blood type will result from each genotype? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IAiDD iidd IB IB Dd IA IB dd IB iDd A+ OB+ ABB+ Phenotype to Genotype What are the possible genotypes for each blood type? 1. 2. 3. 4. A+ ABOB+ Phenotype to Genotype What are the possible genotypes for each blood type? 1. 2. 3. 4. A+ ABOB+ IAIADD, IAiDD, IAIADd, IAiDd IAIBdd iidd IBIBDD, IBiDD, IBIBDd, IBiDd Other important vocab – Homozygous – both alleles for one gene are the same (e.g. ii) Heterozygous – the two alleles for one gene are different (e.g. Iai) Punnett Squares Punnett Squares are a tool for predicting the traits that will result from crossing certain genotypes. Monohybrid Crosses 1. Iai X ii 2. IBIB X Iai 3. Dd X dd Dihybrid Crosses 1. IAiDd X iiDd 2. AB- X iiDD 3. IBiDd X IAiDD 4. IAidd X IBiDd Homework Bring in permission form Closure What were our objectives, and what did we learn? What was our learner profile trait and how did we demonstrate it? How does what we did today tie to our unit question?