Download Sources of water in arid environments

Hazards
Hazards and risk
• Risk, resilience and threshold
• Geophysical, hydrological and
atmospheric hazards
• Hazard zone mapping
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Hazards
What is risk?
• What risks have you been exposed to so far
today and how have you mitigated against
them?
• For example, crossing the road presents risk.
What do you do to reduce that risk?
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Hazards
What is risk?
The probability of a hazard event
occurring and creating loss of lives
and livelihood.
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Hazards
Can you define the following terms?
Risk
Hazard
Vulnerability
Capacity to
cope
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Hazards
Can you define the following terms?
Risk
• The probability of a hazard event occurring
and creating loss of life.
Hazard
• A perceived natural event which has the
potential to threaten both life and property.
Vulnerability
Capacity to cope
• A high risk combined with an inability of
individuals and communities to cope.
• The ability of affected communities to cope
with a given hazard.
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Hazards
Can you explain this equation?
Risk
• The probability of a hazard event occurring
and creating loss of life.
Hazard
• A perceived natural event which has the
potential to threaten both life and property
Vulnerability
Capacity to cope
R=H×V
C
• A high risk combined with an inability of
individuals and communities to cope.
• The ability of affected communities to cope
with a given hazard.
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Hazards
What kinds of risks are there?
Task
Study the
photograph taken
at Birling Gap,
Sussex.
Make a list that
categorises the
different kinds of
hazards shown in
this image, based
upon what or who
they affect.
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Hazards
What kinds of risks are there?
Hazards to people
• Death and severe injury.
• Disease and stress.
Hazards to goods
• Economic losses.
• Infrastructure damage.
Hazards to the environment
• Pollution.
• Loss of flora and fauna.
• Loss of amenity.
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Hazards
Mapping tectonic hazard zones
Task
Using the map below annotate areas of the world that are regularly exposed to tectonic hazards. Create
your own key to illustrate each of the hazards. Start off by thinking about events in recent memory and then
use the table at the bottom to complete some internet-based research.
KEY
California, USA
Japan
Indonesia
Philippines
Italy
Earthquake
Earthquake
Volcano
Earthquake
Volcano
Volcano
Earthquake
Volcano
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Hazards
Useful websites
USGS www.usgs.gov has real time global earthquake data.
Smithosian Institution Volcanism Program www.volcano.si.edu has real
time volcanic output data in the ‘Reports’ section.
UNISDR PreventionWeb - Hazards
www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/ has data covering a variety
of hazards.
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Hazards
Why do people remain exposed to
hazard risks?
There are four main reasons:
• Changing risks
• Lack of alternatives
Task
• Cost–benefit analysis Study the images on the
following slides which show
• Risk perception
four areas of the world where
people continue to live in areas
of high risk. Match each reason
to a photo.
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Hazards
The fertile lower slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily.
Caribbean coast, Costa Rica.
Settlements have been established here for over a hundred years
but adaptations are needed in the face of global sea level rise.
Housing on a polluted river bank in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia.
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The densely populated island resort of Phi Phi in Thailand was
extremely badly effected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami but
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has since repopulated due to the unprecedented nature of the
Hazards
The fertile lower slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily.
Caribbean coast, Costa Rica.
Settlements have been established here for over a hundred years
but adaptations are needed in the face of global sea level rise.
Cost-benefit analysis
Changing risks
Lack of alternatives
Housing on a polluted river bank in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia.
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Risk perception
The densely populated island resort of Phi Phi in Thailand was
extremely badly effected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami but
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has since repopulated due to the unprecedented nature of the
Hazards
People think about and react to risk in
different ways
Task
Explain this
diagram to a
neighbour.
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Hazards
People living in areas of
high physical exposure
to hazards and with
high levels of human
vulnerability will be the
most at risk. These
people are mostly
found in the poorest
parts of the world.
Physical exposure to hazards (risk)
Measuring risk
High risk, high
security
(e.g. California)
High risk, low
security (e.g. Haiti,
Mali, Bangladesh)
Low risk, high
security
Low risk, low
security
(e.g. UK)
(e.g. Bolivia, Angola)
Human vulnerability to disaster (insecurity)
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