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Physical Education
Theory
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Physical Education
• Factors Affecting Participation and Performance
• Unit 1b: Muscles
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3 Types of Muscle
• In the Human Body there are 3 different types
of muscle. These are:
• Involuntary Muscles – Also known as smooth
muscles. These are found in the internal organs such
as the intestine. The are named as such because we
do not have conscious control over them.
• Cardiac Muscles – These are only found in the heart,
we cannot control it either and it is constantly working.
It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the
body.
• Voluntary Muscles – Can be called skeletal muscles
or striped muscle. It enables use to move and is under
our control.
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The Major Muscle Groups
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Function and Movement of Major
Muscles
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Deltoid - Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder.
Biceps - Bends your arm at the elbow.
Triceps - Straightens your arm at the elbow joint.
Abdominals - Pull in the abdomen. Flex the spine so you can bend
forward.
Pectorals - Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your chest.
Latissimus Dorsi (lats) - Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it
behind your back.
Trapezius - Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and
sideways.
Quadriceps - Straighten the leg at the knee. Keep it straight when you
stand.
Hamstrings - Bend your leg at the knee.
Gluteals - Pull your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip.
Gastrocnemius - Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on your
tiptoes.
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How the Muscles Move
• Muscles are attached to two different bones by
tendons. When the muscle contracts only one bone
moves.
• The place where the muscle is attached to the
stationary bone is called the ORIGIN. The place
where the muscle is attached to the moving bone is
called the INSERTION.
ORIGIN
INSERTION
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How the Muscles Move
• Muscles can only pull. To make a
joint move in two direction, you
need two muscles that can pull
in opposite directions.
• Antagonistic muscles are pairs of
muscles that work against each
other. One muscle contracts
(agonist, or prime mover) while
the other one relaxes
(antagonist) and vice versa.
• The origin is where the muscle
joins the fixed bone. The
insertion is where it joins the
moving bone. On contraction,
the insertion moves towards the
origin.
Remember what ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS Do!!!!!
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Muscles for Endurance and Power
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Muscles are made up of fibres. All individual voluntary muscle fibres
are either fast twitch or slow twitch and these are good for different
things. Fast Twitch for Power, Slow Twitch for Endurance
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Fast twitch fibres contract very quickly and very powerfully, but they get
tired quickly as they run out of oxygen in under 10 seconds. They are
useful for sprinting and weightlifting or other activities requiring aerobic
exercise.
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Slow twitch fibres contract more slowly and with less force, but they
don't get tired as quickly and can replace some of the oxygen that is
used. They are useful for jogging and endurance activities.
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Everyone has a similar number of muscle fibres, but the proportion of fast
twitch and slow twitch fibres that people have differ. You cannot change
the amount of slow or fast twitch muscle fibres that you have.
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Does this mean
sprinters
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2005 are born or trained?
The Effect of Exercise and Training
on Muscles
• Skeletal muscle responds to training and
exercise (or lack of it) in two ways.
• Regular training and exercise can create
greater muscle development
(HYPERTROPHY).
• Too much inactivity causes muscle
wastage (ATROPHY)
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The Effect of Exercise and Training
on Muscles
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When we exercise our bodies regularly and correctly with heavy
workloads (Normally short, heavy and anaerobic) new muscle fibres are
generated until the muscle has become large and strong enough to do
the tasks required of them.
Carrying heavy, bulked muscle does not help endurance athletes so the
muscles adapt to using the energy efficiently and normally will only grow
to the maximum size that they need to be.
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Questions
• What are the 3 different types of muscle?
• What is the difference between the origin
and the insertion?
• Name 3 different activities that would
require a high percentage of fast twitch
fibres.
• Name 2 different antagonistic pairs of
muscles and the movements they make.
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Extra Activities
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Sticky Labels of Muscles
Complete Handouts
Have recap checklist
Apply practically
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