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Proteins
Proteins
Have very complex structure.
Made up of amino acids.
There are twenty different kinds of
amino acids from which a cell is able
to synthesize all of the thousands of
different kinds of proteins that their
body need.
In synthesizing proteins, the amino
acids in the chain are bonded together
by peptide bonds.
Metabolism
Enzyme proteins speed up specific type
of chemical reactions by bringing
together needed reactants and thereby
speed chemical reactions in cell.
Oxidation-reduction is a type of
chemical reaction catalyzed by enzyme
proteins.
6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
 C6H1206 + O2
Metabolism
 Most enzymes are holenzymes, made up of
protein portion (apoenzymes) and non
protein portion (cofactor).
 Enzymes are known to be very efficient
catalyst for biochemical reactions.
Temperature
 Changes in temperature can affect the rate
of chemical reactions. As temperature
increases,the rate of reaction initially
increases because of increased kinetic
energy.
 The temperature at which the rate of
chemical reaction is at its maximum is
called the enzyme’s optimum temperature.
pH – Acidity and Basicity
 The pH measures both the acidity and
basicity of a solution. It also measures
the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration , and
therefore is a good indicator of the
hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. Its
value ranges from pH1 to pH14. Higher pH
values mean lower H+ concentrations and
higher OH concentrations.
Substrate Concentration
 The rate of chemical reaction increases as
the substrate concentration also increases.
This is so ,because as substrate
concentration increases,more substrate
molecules will be colliding with enzyme
molecules, and so more product will be
formed.
Support
 Proteins render support to certain
structures where they are part of. For
example, keratin that makes up hair and
nails, and collagen that also gives
strength to ligaments, tendons, and skin.
Transport
 The plasma membrane contains channel and
carrier proteins that regulate what
substances enter and exit cells. An example
of this is hemoglobin,a complex protein,
that transports oxygen to tissues and
cells.
Defense
 Our immune system produces proteins called
antibodies that combine with foreign
substances, called antigens. These
antibodies bind and prevent antigens from
destroying cells and upsetting homeostasis.
Regulation
 In the blood are hormone proteins that
regulate how cells behave. They influence
metabolism by acting as intercellular
messengers. Example of this is insulin that
controls how much glucose is in the blood
and in the cells. Another example is the
growth hormone that determines tha height
of an individual.
Motion
 All cells contain proteins that move cell
components or the entire cell. The
contractile proteins actin and myosin allow
parts of cells to move and cause muscles to
contract allowing animals to travel from
place to place.
Quiz:
1. Process that the amino acids in the chain are
bonded together.
2.Type of chemical reaction catalyzed by enzyme
proteins.
3.The temperature at which the rate of chemical
reaction is at its maximum is called _______.
4-5. Two factors that pH measures.
6.It contains channel and carrier proteins that
regulate what substances enter and exit cells.
7-8. Our immune system produces proteins called
_______ that combine with foreign substances,
called _______.
9. It is a protein in the blood that regulate how
cells behave.
10-11. It allow parts of cells to move and cause
muscles to contract allowing animals to travel from
place to place.
12. It speed up specific type of chemical reactions by
bringing together needed reactants and thereby speed
chemical reactions in cell.
13-14. Give two examples of nonprotein portion(
cofactor).
15. It is a complex protein, that transports oxygen to
tissues and cells.
Answers:
1. Peptide Bonds
2. Oxidation-Reduction
3. Enzyme’s optimum temp
4-5. Acidity and Basidity
6. Plasma Membrane
7-8. Antibodies, Antigens
9. Hormone Proteins
10-11. Contractile proteins actin & Myosin
12. Enzyme Proteins
13-14. Iron, zinc, calcium
15. Hemoglobin
GROUP 5
NAMES;
JIMENEZ
JUGUILON
CANETE
CAPILI
CASABUENA