Download Period Five PPT

Dividing, Destroying and
Rebuilding A Nation
1844-1877
John Gast 1872
Issues that have divided us
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Size and scope of the Federal Government
UNITED states or united STATES
Regional Economic Interest
Constitutional Views
Indians
New Lands out West
Slavery
– In the west
– Moral issue
As we approach 1850, tensions escalate…
• Manifest Destiny
• Mexican-American War
– Wilmot Proviso
• 1848 election
– Free Soil Party…
• California Gold Rush of 1849
• California asks for statehood…
???WILL THERE BE SLAVERY IN THE NEW LAND???
• NM and AZ land gained in Mexican War
• Wilmot Proviso (add on to the Treaty of Guadalupe)
– states no slaves allowed in land gained from Mexico
– defeated in Congress
• tensions increase.
Uh O! Slave issue again
Compromise of 1820
Division of sentiment over the future of
slavery
• Squatter sovereignty
• Extend the Missouri Compromise
Line of 1820 to the Pacific
• No expansion of slavery
• Complete expansion of slavery
Sectionalism and Politics of Slavery
Compromise of 1820- Missouri thing
A NEW DEAL
Compromise of 1850
– negotiated by Henry Clay
1. CA-admitted as a free state N
2. Harsh Fugitive Slave Law S
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runaway and those that help were severely punished.
3. Popular Sovereignty 
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NM and AZ
residents decide for themselves.
WHY Fugitive Slave Laws??
• Gag-rule (1836-1844)
• Underground Railroad
–Levi Coffin (Grand Central)
–Harriet Tubman
Insurrections
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Hughson Insurrection (1741)
Gaberial Insurrection (1800)
Boxley Insurrection (1816)
Denmark Vessey Insurrection (1822)
Nat Turner (1831)
– Southampton, VA
– Resulted in…
• the Patrol System
• Stricter Slave Codes
Where are slaves coming from?
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Slave Trade ended in 1809
Smuggled through Florida
Smuggled through Texas
Domestic Trade from Virginia
– 1 million displaced
• Transfer and Sold
The Old South
• Agricultural Based
– 2/3 of the worlds supply of cotton
• Virtually no industry
– Black labor not suited for clock work
– Aristocratic nature of plantation life
Southern Demographics
• Population 8 million
• White Social Classes in the South
– 4% Planter elite (30 or more slaves)
• 1.9 million
– Small farmers (49% owned slaves)
• Overseers or slave “drivers”
– Poor Whites
• Proud and Violent
Southern Demographics
• Black Social Classes
– “Free Persons of Color”
• 150,000 in the South
• Face Discrimination
• Limited Rights
– Black Slave Holders
• 3,775 owned slaves
– Slaves
• Property (Chattel)
“as slave will fetch $1000 cash real quick”
“Many a time I’ve had’em say to me, ‘You’re my
property.’”
Slave Quarters, Boone Hall Plantation, S.C.
Slave Life
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Hard Work
Frequent Punishment
Rape
Forged Communities
– Family
“so long as God keeps them together”
– Language, music, dance, religion
Competing Views of Southern Slavery
• Gone with the Wind Version
– Fair treatment of slave
– Good slave/owner relations
– “Positive Good” position
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin Version
– Rape Common
– Severe beatings
– Evil institution
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Harriet Beecher
Stowe-Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
– Portrayed south
and slavery as evil
+ violent.
• Causes
widespread
concern
Division among churches…
• Methodist…
• Baptist…
– American Baptist Association
– Southern Baptist Association
• Presbyterian…
• Louisiana notoriously bad
“Mit has never been used to see negroes flayed
alive and it would kill her”
Maryland Planter John Munnikhuysen
“I govern them without the whip. By stating that I should sell
them if they do not conduct themselves as I wish. The negroes
here dread nothing on earth so much as this. They regard the
deep south with perfect horror, and to be sent there is considered
as the worst punishment”
Henry Clay
• Sold “down the river”
“Why does a slave ever love?”
Harriet Jacobs: autobiography
“My Dear wife for you and my children my cannot
express the grief I feel to be parted from you all.”
Georgia Slave Sold
“Mamma used to cry when she had to go back to
work because she was always scared some of us
kids would be sold while she was away.”
Sarah Grant
Abolitionist
• Abolitionists:
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Fredrick Douglas
The Grimke Sisters
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Lovejoy (Martyr)
The Liberator – First
published in 1831
Abolitionist Movement
• Know the following
abolitionists:
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Fredrick Douglas
The Grimke Sisters
Theodore Weld
James Birney
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Lovejoy
The Liberator – First
published in 1831
The American Anti-Slavery
Society (1833)
Free Soil Party (1848)
- “freemen, free labor, and
free soil”
Republican Party (1854)
Movements
• American Colonization Society (1817)
– Resettlement
• The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
– “Heinous crime in the sight of God”
• Free Soil Party (1848)
– “freemen, free labor, and free soil”
Reactions to Abolition
• North
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Discrimination
Segregation
Free but not civil rights
Support
• South
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Defend slavery
Churches split
Racial inferiority
Profitability
Positive good for both
Abolished Slave Trade in D.C.
Back to the Land Issues
Politics & Slavery in the Territories
• Wilmot Proviso
• Popular Sovereignty
• Free Soilers – no extension
– Rebellious northern democrats
– Anti-Slavery Whigs
– Liberty Party
“Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men.”
Election 1848
• Free Soil – Martin Van Buren
• Whigs – Zac Taylor
• Dem – Cass
Election of 1848
Election of 1852
• Dem - Franklin Pierce
• Whig – Winfield Scott
• Free Soilers – John P. Hale
Election of 1852
Brief Side Track
• Cuba
– Offer to purchase from Spain
– Abolitionist blocked further efforts
• China and Japan open ports for trade
– Hundreds of missionaries to China
– Japan block migration
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• Proposed by Stephen Douglas
– Desire for transcontinental railroad
• KA and NE would decide for themselves.
– Popular Sovereignty.
– Lecompton Constitution
• Rush to populate states by south to vote pro-slave.
(Border Ruffians)
• “Bleeding Kansas”
Time for Violence
• Charles Sumner (Mass.) Speech
• Andrew Pickens Butler (S.C.)
• Preston Brooks (S.C.)
• Sumner a martyr and Republicans grow
• Brooks a hero in the South
John Browns Raid (56’)
• John Brown-radical abolitionist kills slave owners
“Bleeding Kansas”.
– Pattawatomie Massacre
– Osawatomie
Election of 1856
• Republican Party is born – anti slavery
– John Fremont as candidate
• Franklin Pierce was denied renomination
• James Buchanan (PA) Wins – Democrat
– Supported Popular Sovereignty
– States rights all the way
– 1st Unmarried
– LAST NATIONAL(??) ELECTION for a while
Dred Scott (1857)
• Overturns Miss. Compromise and KansasNebraska Act
– Slaves considered property-take ‘em anywhere.
– Both of the above denied citizens the right to
property.
– Slaves cant sue since they do not have rights
“…they have no rights that a white man is bound to respect.”
Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (58’)
• Fear in the South
• Martyr for the Abolitionist
“Now if it is deemed necessary that I should
forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of
justice and MINGLE MY BLOOD FURTHER WITH
THE BLOOD OF MY CHILDREN, and with the blood
of millions in this slave country whose rights are
disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
enactments—I submit; so LET IT BE DONE.”
John Brown 1859
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
August to October 1858
Lincoln
Douglas
• Lincoln wins popularity
• Lincoln wins abolitionist votes
• Wins Senate seat
• Douglas becomes
prominent figure in Senate
• Freeport Doctrine – slave
could not exist even though
the Dred Scott decision said
it must if the states did not
make laws to endorse or
enforce it.
1860 Election
The Democratic Party met in
Charleston, S.C.
…and split!
1860
Not a National Election
• Northern Democrat - Stephen A. Douglas
– Only one to win free and slave state votes
• Southern Democrat - John C. Breckinridge
• Whig (Constitutional Union) - John Bell
• Republican - Abraham Lincoln
– not on ballot in south
Lincoln’s Election
• Abolitionist like him for containment
• 39% of the pop vote
• Wins all 18 free states
• Democrats still control Congress and Supreme
Court
Southern Response
• “The Black Republican has won”
• Disintegration of the UNITED states of America
• S.C. calls state convention
"A house divided against itself cannot stand. "I believe
this government cannot endure, permanently half
slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do
expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all
one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of
slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it
where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is
in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates
will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in
all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as
South. Have we no tendency to the latter condition?
Last Ditch Efforts
• Buchanan Lame Duck
“Secession is illegal but I lack the authority to
make a state rejoin”
• Crittenden Compromise
• 13th Amendment to guarantee slavery where
it existed
Southern States Secede
South Carolina
Dec. 20, 1860
Mississippi
Jan. 9, 1861
Florida
Jan. 10, 1861
Alabama
Jan. 11, 1861
Georgia
Jan. 19, 1861
Louisiana
Jan. 26, 1861
Texas
Feb. 1, 1861
FORMATION OF THE CSA – Jefferson Davis Pres.
Capital later in - Richmond, VA
Lincoln’s Inaugural
“Union of states is perpetual”
“There will be no invasion or using force”
“Preserve the Union”
Shots Fired
• Fort Sumter, S.C. 4:30 AM April 11, 1861
Shots Fired
• S.C. request troops removed
– “Ring of fire” – Major Robert Anderson
• Lincoln sends supplies
• Davis opposes
– Orders Gen. Beauregard to fire
• Shots 4:30 AM April 11, 1861
• Lincoln
– orders blockade
– 75,000 volunteers
Choosing Sides
• VA, NC, TN, AR all go South
• MD, DE, WV, MS, KY all go North
• Robert E. Lee asked to be Gen. for Union
“After a sleepless night I can no fight against my
country.” (VA)
• 100,000 Southerners fight for the Union
Battles of The Civil War
• 1st Shots Fired- Fort Sumter
• 1st Major Battle- Bull
Run/Manassas
"There stands Jackson
like a stone wall! Rally
behind the Virginians!"
-- Brigadier General
Barnard Bee, CSA
Monitor v. Merrimack
Iron-Clad Naval Battle
Battles Continued
• Antietam-Bloodiest single day of the war.
– 26,000 combined casualties.
– Emancipation Proclamation issued after facing
pressure from abolitionists.
• Turning Points
– Gettysburg-Northern victory
• Pickett’s Charge
– Vicksburg, Miss.-North captures important city on
Miss. River.
Pickett’s Charge
Dead Confederate Sharp Shooter
Civil War
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Anaconda Plan-strangle and blockade.
War for the capitols-D.C. and Richmond.
Emancipation Proclamation-freed slaves.
Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus.
– Arrested without a trial.
– Northern Copperheads-wanted peace with South.
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Conscription-draft.
Congress passes income tax.
Gettysburg Address.
Sherman’s March to Sea-burnt Atlanta to
Savannah-Concept of Total War.
Advantages/Disadvantages
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North
More railroads.
More money.
Bigger industrial
base.
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South
Better Generals.
Home turf.
Lack of supplies.
Lack of Railroads.
Reconstruction Period
• 1865-1877
– Rebuilding after the Civil War
– Readmitting Southern States
– Newly Freed Slaves
Changes to USA
• Power of the Federal Gov’t is supreme
• extension of federal powers
• income taxes first used
• citizens drafted into service
– civil rights were restricted
– habeas corpus suspended
3 Plans to Reconstruct a Nation
• Lincoln-10% plan; easy plan
– 10% take oath of allegiance=pardon
• Johnson-moderate plan
– Withdraw secession, swear allegiance, ratify the
13th Amendment.
• Radical Republicans in Congress
– 51% take oath, adopt 13th and 14th Amendments.
Radical Republicans
• Blame the South for the Civil War.
• Thought slaves should be free and EQUAL.
• Senator Sumner and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens led
Radicals.
• Passed Wade-Davis Bill– said Congress should control Reconstruction;
– Johnson vetoed.
Lincoln’s Assassination
• Lincoln’s assassination
– When-April 14th 1865
• Four days after
Appomattox
– Where-Ford’s Theatre, DC
– Who John Wiles Booth
• Southern sympathizer
Aftermath
-Andrew Johnson is President
-tried to follow Lincoln’s plan
with additions
-Congress refuses plan as too
lenient
-South tries to reorganize
under Lincoln’s plan
Southern Politics
-Black Codes
-many of the same leaders
elected to office
-blacks denied most rights
-many people of the Union
saw little change and began
to question the outcome of
the war
Struggles for Freed Blacks
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No Education
No Land
No Money
No Equality
No Power
FREEDMAN’S BUREAU
• -created to help former slaves adjust
• -provided education and schooling
• -helped former slaves find work
• -protect freed slaves
New Government
15th Amendment
-African Americans can vote
-Black leaders elected
- KKK stops voting
Power Struggle
Congress vs. President
• -Congress refuses to admit
new southern delegates
• -Congress passes Civil Right
Act of 1866 over a Johnson
veto
• -Congress bypasses Johnson
to achieve equal rights
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-14th Amendment
• -Radicals control Congress
after 1866 elections with
large majority
Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867
• -override the President
• -”Martial Law” military rule of South
• -protect former slaves
• -bans former leaders
Rush for New Government
-Scalawags – southerners in
office
-Carpetbaggers –northerners
moved to south
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Johnson Impeached
-Johnson fights with Radicals
-Radicals seek to impeach
-Tenure of Office Act
-Johnson tests the legality of
Act
-Johnson impeached but
acquitted
I am a person that is greatly appreciative of my Federal position. It is one
of the greatest things to come from the government in recent history. I
like how society is helping the former slaves adjust to the new world
around them. I am so glad that we can help the people that have been
deprived of everything their whole entire lives. I am glad that they are
providing education and schooling for all the children, so that they can
be future career holders and be able to be equal with the rest of the
world. I am helping find jobs for the adult slaves that have survived
these many years in poverty. The most basic need of the former slaves is
land reform and we are trying to get that for them. We are trying our
best in order to help as many of the former slaves that we can. Even
though I know that there will still be some slaves that are missed, but
it's a start, and I am glad that we can do that much for them. There are
still many people that disagree with letting the former slaves learn and
get as much respect as the others in the world, but America is supposed
to be the free world, so that is all that we are trying to instill upon this
country. I think that everyone should work together and help out in this
effort.
"No person of color shall migrate into and reside
in this state, unless, within twenty days after his
arrival within the same, he shall enter into a
bond with two freeholders as sureties"
"Servants shall not be absent from the premises
without the permission of the master”
“Prohibited marriages between whites and
Negroes or Indians or persons of Negro or Indian
descent to third generation.”
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.[1]
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged
by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
Blacks gain political freedoms
• Amendments
– 13 Free
– 14 citizenship
– 15 vote
Changing Face on Congress
• First blacks in
congress
• Hiram Revels-first
black Senator; Miss.
• Blanche K. Bruce, Mississippi.
• John Mercer Langston, Virginia
• John R. Lynch, Mississippi John Willis Menard,
first African American elected to the U.S.
Congress (denied his seat)
• Joseph Hayne Rainey South Carolina
• James T. Rapier
• Hiram Revels, Mississippi.
• Robert Smalls, South Carolina Senator
• Josiah T. Walls, U.S. Representative, Florida
Southern attempts to prevent
freedoms
• Fear and intimidation
– KKK
• Laws passed
– Black Codes “Jim
Crow”
• Grandfather clause
• Poll tax
• Literacy test
SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That when any officer appointed
as aforesaid, excepting judges of the United States courts, shall,
during a recess of the Senate, be shown, by evidence satisfactory to
the President, to be guilty of misconduct in office, or crime, or for
any reason shall become incapable or legally disqualified to perform
its duties, in such case, and in no other, the President may suspend
such officer and designate some suitable person to perform
temporarily the duties of such office until the next meeting of the
Senate, and until the case shall be acted upon by the Senate…; and
in such case it shall be the duty of the President, within twenty days
after the first day of such next meeting of the Senate, to report to
the Senate such suspension, with the evidence and reasons for his
action in the case, and the name of the person so designated to
perform the duties of such office. And if the Senate shall concur in
such suspension and advise and consent to the removal of such
officer,
Johnson Impeached
• Johnson was a Southerner
• Congress upset because
Johnson fired Radical
Republican cabinet
members without asking
the Senate.
– Stanton Sec. of War
• Would not enforce laws of
the reconstruction act
– Impeached in House but not
in Senate.
Results of the Civil War
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Nationalism over State’s Rights
Industry over agriculture
Invalidation of the Doctrine of Secession
End of Slavery
Rejection of Confederate Debts
Devastation of the South
Election of 68’
• Republicans “waved the bloody shirt”
– War Hero Ulysses S. Grant
– 500,000 blacks
• Civil Rights Act of 1867 required states to include
blacks in voting
• Some Northern states didn’t like this
Election of 68’
• Republicans “waved the bloody shirt”
– War Hero Ulysses S. Grant
– 500,000 blacks
• Civil Rights Act of 1867 required states to include
blacks in voting
• Some Northern states didn’t like this
• Grant wins but close call
• Republicans push the 15th 69’
Republican Control
• Civil Rights Acts of 75’
– Equal Accommodations
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Universal Male Suffrage
Property Rights
Debt Relief
Infrastructure
Schools
Taxes
Republican Control
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Corrupt
Bribes and kickbacks
Graft-funds end up in personal bank accounts
Wasteful
Spoils System (patronage)
Idealism
Materialism
Corruption at all Levels
• Whiskey Ring – Federal
• Tammany Hall – State and Local
• Grant’s reputation
suffered
Reconstruction Ends
• First Phase
– Presidential vs. Congressional
• Second Phase
– Military rule, Civil Rights, Amendments
• Third Phase
– Southern Conservative “Redeemers”
– State governments controlled again
• KKK
• Amnesty Act 72’
Election of 1877 (Its Over)
• Republicans – Rutherford B. Hayes
• Democrats – Sam Tilden
Election of 1877
• Tilden won popular vote but
lost election.
• Hayes won by one electoral
vote; FLA.
• Democrats agree to let Hayes
wins if he ends Reconstruction;
remove North troops.