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Chapter 15 Organic Chemistry and the Atomic Properties of Carbon Exam Study Guide Learning Objectives: Students will be able to: 1. Know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules. (Sec. 15.1) 2. Know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring. (Sec. 15.2) 3. Distinguish among constitutional, optical, and geometric isomers. (Sec. 15.2) 4. Describe three types of organic reactions (addition, elimination, and substitution) and identify each type from reactants and products. (Sec. 15.3) 5. Identify and describe properties of four important functional groups (alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids and esters). (Sec. 15.4) 6. Describe how addition and condensation polymers are formed. (Sec. 15.5) 7. Know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits. (Sec. 15.6) 8. Know the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins. (Sec. 15.6) 9. Know amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. (Sec. 15.6) 10. Describe the role of an enzyme in a biological reaction. Key Equations None Practice Problems 1. Select the correct name for the following compound. A. B. C. D. E. 1,1,3-triethyl-2-methylbutane 1,1-diethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 2,4-diethyl-3-methylhexane 3-ethyl-4,5-dimethylheptane None of these choices is correct. 2. Select the correct type for the following reaction. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + HBr CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O A. B. C. D. E. dehydration halogenation addition elimination substitution 3. The compound shown below is responsible for the odor in rancid butter. Identify the functional group circled. A. B. C. D. E. aldehyde ketone alcohol carboxylic acid carbonyl 4. Putrescine is produced during the decay and protein breakdown of meats and is responsible for some of the odor found in them. Identify the functional group circled. A. B. C. D. E. 5. aldehyde ketone amide nitrile amine A protein is A. B. C. D. E. 6. An amino acid is a compound that contains at least A. B. C. D. E. 7. one amino group and one amide group. two amino groups and one carboxylic acid group. one hydroxyl group and one methyl group. one carboxylic acid group and one amino group. one methyl group and one amide group. A peptide bond (also called an amide bond) joins two amino acids together. What atoms are linked by this bond? A. B. C. D. E. 8. a polysaccharide. a saturated ester of glycerol. one of the units making up a nucleic acid. a polymer of amino acids. an aromatic hydrocarbon. C—O C—H C—N N—S S—C The primary structure of a protein refers to the unique amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. True False 9. The general formula for alkenes is A. CnH2n+2 B. C2nH2n C. CnHn+2 D. CnH2n E. CnH2n-2 10. Which one of these hydrocarbons does not have isomers? A. B. C. D. E. C7H16 C6H14 C5H10 C4H8 C3H8 11. The alkane with six carbon atoms is called A. B. C. D. E. butane. hexane. heptane. butene. none of these. 12. The name for the compound with the formula CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is A. B. C. D. E. propanol. propane. butanol. pentane. pentanol. 13. The reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid yields A. B. C. D. E. a hydrocarbon. an ester. an ether. an aldehyde. a ketone. 14. Which of these molecules is unsaturated? A. B. C. D. E. 15. C3H8 CH3OH C5H10 CH4 C4H10 The simplest unit of a polymer is called a _______ . A. simpler B. monomer C. unimer D. unit Answers 1. D 2. E 3. D 4. E 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. True 9. D 10. E 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. B