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CHAPTER 14: THE LAST GREAT
NOMADIC CHALLENGES:
FROM CHINGGIS KHAN TO TIMUR
Pages 314 – 337
I.
MONGOLS
OVER
EURASIA!
SUMMARY
A. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan
The Mongols intervened periodically in Chinese history. But tribal divisions and
rivalries with neighboring ethnic groups, particularly Turkic peoples, had long
blunted the expansive potential of Mongol warrior culture. Within the first decades
of the 13th century, because of the political strategies and military accomplishments
of Chinggis Khan, the Mongols and allies nomadic groups built an empire that
stretched from the Middle East to the East China Sea.
B. The Mongol Drive to the West
While pursuing a fleeing Persian ruler, the Mongols made their first contacts
with the kingdoms to the west of Chinggis Khan’s Empire. Subjugating these
regions became the projects of the armies of the Golden Horde, the Mongol
khanate, which ruled the western lands. After the death of Chinggis Khan, the
empire was divided into four khanates. The khanate to the south, called the Ilkhan
Empire, attempted to conquer the Muslim world. Although neither Europe nor the
Islamic lands were subdued, Mongol successes affected the regions’ history.
C. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
Of all the areas the Mongols conquered, perhaps none was more closely
administered than China. The Mongol interlude in Chinese history lasted only
about a century. Although the Chinese attempted to assimilate the Mongols from
the start, the Mongols managed to retain a distinct culture and social separateness
until they were driven back beyond the Great Wall in the late 1360s. They also
opened China to influences from Arab and Persian lands, and even to contacts with
Europe, which came to full fruition in the centuries of indigenous Chinese revival
that followed under the Ming Dynasty.
D. Conclusion: The Mongol Legacy
The Mongol impact on the many areas they raided and conquered varied greatly.
The sedentary peoples on the farms and in the cities, who suffered the fury of their
assaults and the burden of their demands, understandably emphasized the
destructive side of the Mongol legacy. But the Mongol campaigns also influenced
the course of human history, especially through disrupting the political map. The
Mongol empire promoted trade and other important exchanges between
civilizations. Mongol rule also brought stable, often effective government and
religious toleration to peoples over much of Asia.
II.
CHAPTER REVIEW
A. How did Chinggis Khan create the Mongolian war machine and empire?
B. How did the Mongols govern their empire and its peoples?
C. How did Mongol rule allow religion and commerce to flourish?
D. How did Mongol rule influence Europe, the Muslim world, and China?
E. Why did nomads cease to be a threat to civilizations after the Mongols?
III.
VOCABULARY
A. Khanate
B. Khan
C. Tumens
D. Shamanistic
E. Tartars
F. White Lotus Society
G. Nestorians
H. Mameluks
I. Kuriltai
J. Metropolitan
IV.
VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge (Page 324)
A. Identify the movement of Goods and Ideas
1. East to west?
2. West to east?
B. How did the Mongols facilitate exchanges and interactions?
C. What factors limited the ability of the Mongols to trade with some regions?
V.
MAP EXERCISES
A. Map 14.1: The First Mongol Empire (Page 317)
1. What are the physical geographical boundaries of the empire?
2. What geographic feature limited the Mongol’s:
a. Northern borders?
b. Southern borders?
B. Map 14.2: The Four Khanates of the Divided Mongol Empire (Page 325)
1. What modern states did the Ilkhan rule?
2. The Djagatai empire?
3. The Golden Horde?
4. The Empire of Kublai Khan?
5. Using the map at the front of the book, can you determine what physical
limits and geographic elements create the boundaries of the Empire?
VI.
PHOTO ESSAY: The Mongols Through Other Eyes
A. How did the conquered civilizations portray the Mongols?
1. Arabs (Pages 314 and 328)?
2. Persians (Page 320)?
3. Chinese (Pages 330 and 331)?
4. West European Christian (Page 332)?
5. Modern (Page 336)?
B. Mongol Technologies
1. Describe the Mongol military technologies.
2. Describe the Mongol communications technologies.
3. Why is the Mongol level of technology suited to their way of life?
VII.
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS: European Assessment of the Mongols (Page 319)
A. What can a document tell us about the values of the writer?
B. Why is the writer so complementary to the Mongols?
C. How does the document conform to typical nomadic values?
D. What bias does the author exhibit?
E. How does it affect your understanding of the documents?
VIII. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. One problem facing historians, who study the Mongols is
A. lack of primary sources.
B. inability to translate the Mongolian language and its literature.
C. all contemporary chroniclers used exaggeration and hyperbole to describe
the Mongols.
D. the bias of historical accounts, written by those whom the Mongols defeated.
E. the Mongols never wrote anything down, leaving no written records.
2. Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were
A. no less violent than Europeans, Muslims, or the Chinese of the day.
B. tolerant of religious differences and encouraged trade.
C. unwilling to destroy art works and buildings.
D. devoted to nonviolence.
E. apt to leave enemies alive and revolting cities unpunished.
3. Pastoral nomads from the central Asian steppe who had threatened sedentary
civilizations throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT:
A. Indo-Europeans.
B. Hsiung-nu (Huns).
C. Scythians.
D. Turks.
E. Bantu.
4. If peoples surrendered or were subdued without resistance, the Mongols
A. exacted tribute but generally left the inhabitants alone.
B. sold only the men into slavery.
C. destroyed the towns and resettled the people on farmlands.
D. settled amongst the sedentary peoples.
E. forced the inhabitants to migrate to new lands.
5. In general, Mongol rule, like Roman rule, was
A. intolerant.
B. brutal.
C. very disruptive to societies and their values.
D. peaceful and prosperous.
E. welcomed by sedentary peoples.
6. When the Mongols divided their empire, the only region which did not become a
center for one of their khanates was
A. Iran and Mesopotamia.
B. Central Asia.
C. India.
D. East Asia.
E. the steppes of Russia, the Ukraine, and Siberia.
7. Russia’s defeat by the Mongols
A. had little effect on Russian development.
B. led to 250 years of Mongol dominance.
C. was avoided by the willingness of Russian princes to pay tribute.
D. was meaningless because the Mongols abandoned the area for their
homeland.
E. left Poland and Sweden the dominant powers in eastern Europe.
8. Mongol policies in Russia
A. led to the rise of serfdom.
B. left Moscow and Kiev weak and unimportant.
C. led to the rise of Novgorod as the chief Russian town.
D. weakened Orthodox Christianity in Russia and allowed Islam to spread.
E. permitted a free exchange of ideas with western Europe through increased
trade.
9. The Mongol conquest of the Middle East
A. led to the conversion of the Mongols in the area to Nestorian Christianity.
B. strengthened Muslim armies to effectively resist the Mongols.
C. facilitated the rise of the Ottoman Turks.
D. was supported by Muslims living in the area.
E. extended the life of the Abbasid Caliphate.
10. The only power to successfully defeat the Mongols before 1300 CE was the
A. Song China.
B. Russian principality of Moscow.
C. Turks of Asia Minor.
D. Turks of central Asia and Persia.
E. Mameluks of Egypt.
11. The greatest long term impact of the Mongol unification of much of central
Eurasia was the
A. new technologies introduced.
B. facilitation of trade.
C. conversion of the Mongols to Christianity.
D. destruction of old states and the rise of new ones.
E. spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world.
12. Kublai Khan’s major concern in governing China was
A. creating integrated Chinese and military units.
B. to avoid the Mongols being assimilated by Chinese culture and practices.
C. educating Mongol leaders and elites in Chinese Confucian culture.
D. the conversion of the Chinese to Islam.
E. reestablishing the Confucian civil service exams and scholar-bureaucrats.
13. Based on the religious conversions of some of the Mongol khans and the number
of foreign advisors used by the Mongols, the most favored non-Mongolian people
were
A. Muslisms especially Persians and Turks.
B. the Chinese.
C. the Nestorian Christians.
D. Italian merchants.
E. Buddhists.
14. Mongolian favoritism towards all of these groups would have angered Confucian
scholars EXCEPT:
A. artisans.
B. peasants.
C. foreigners.
D. Muslims.
E. merchants.
15. The transformation that most immediately weakened the power and influence of
pastoral nomads over sedentary civilization was due to
A. introduction of better organized sedentary states.
B. increased centralization of sedentary governments.
C. the devastation to nomadic populations caused by the Black Death.
D. newer technologies, especially weapons, used by sedentary civilizations.
E. settling of farmers on the traditional lands of the nomads.
IX.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
A. Compare and contrast the lifestyles and accomplishments of the Mongols with
one of these peoples: Aztecs, Turks, or Aryans.
B. Compare and contrast gender roles in the Mongolian society with the Muslims
or Chinese.
C. Compare and contrast the destruction brought by the Huns with the Mongols.
D. Compare and contrast the Roman Peace and their style of rule with the
Mongols.
E. Compare the Roman and Mongol war machines and military tactics.