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Expert View 4 3 2 Science as an Explains how science is Explains the role of Explains the role of Describes observation empirical process based on observations of observation and observation and or experimentation, the natural world, experimentation in science, experimentation in with no connection to experimentation, and may not emphasize the science. May not how these terms play a modeling (with accurate natural world. May not indicate what is observed role in science or the descriptions of what these include modeling. or experimented. importance of are). Makes the connection Connects the importance of Connects the importance replicability. that the results (data) from data to support claims. of data to support claims. these processes are what Indicates the importance of May not mention are used to support replicability. replicability. scientific claims and emphasize the need to be repeatable or replicable. Role of Scientific Emphasizes how scientific Emphasizes the importance Emphasizes the Describes scientific Theories theories are fundamental in of scientific theories and importance of scientific theories as playing a helping to guide scientific explains how they are used theories, but may not role in science in understanding. Also to frame scientific provide detailed specifics context of a scientific explains how scientific understanding. May not on how or why it is method process. theories are frameworks explain the way that it can important. upon which all scientific guide a discipline in the big understanding in a given picture. field is constructed. Role of communication Develops examples of Develops examples of formal and informal modes formal and informal modes of communication that of communication, and explains the role of explains the role of communication in scientific communication. May miss advancement (specifically how science is built on helps to build on ideas previous ideas. from those that are already in place). Includes examples of formal and informal modes of communication. Describes the role of communication in building scientific understanding. 1 Identifies key terms like observation and experimentation with no connection to what role they play in scientific understanding. 0 Omits all key concepts and terms associated with scientific process (for example, observations, experimentation, modeling, data, claims, evidence, repeatability). Identifies theory as a Omits any mention of part of doing science, scientific theories. no details or explanation as to what the role is. Identifies examples Identifies that Omits any mention of formal and informal communication plays a communication. modes of role in science, but communication. May does not provide not connect the role of examples of modes of communication to how communication. it helps build scientific OR understanding Identifies examples of OR formal or informal One mode, but connects modes of to building scientific communication. understanding. Science as a human construct Geology as a science Describes science as Describes science as having flaws and benefits having flaws and benefits as a result of science as a with some examples. human construct including Identifies some aspect of cultural and technological how science still manages aspects as well as greed. to be successful over time. Identifies ways that science is successful over time (self-correcting, peerreviewed, and tentative language). Theory: Describes Plate Describes Plate Tectonics Tectonics as the unifying as the unifying theory of theory of geology that geology. Describes the helps to explain importance of observation phenomena like to geology and the need for earthquakes and volcanoes. modeling. May miss some Process: Emphasizes of the nuances of these importance of multiple three elements. working hypotheses due to the observational nature of geology. Method: Explains how modeling is critical to understanding and explaining geologic processes. Describes one aspect of Describes one aspect of Mentions one aspect of Omits any aspect of the how science has flaws how science has flaws how science has human element of and benefits, and one or benefits due to flaws/benefits due to science. way of how science is human interference human interference or successful over time. OR how science is OR Describes one aspect of successful overtime, Describes several how science is but lacks description or examples of successful over time. detail. flaws/benefits or how science is successful over time but not both. Describes two of the Describes one of the Identifies key terms Omits any connection elements that distinguish elements that associated with between science and geology as a science distinguishes geology as geology but lacks any geology. (Theory, process or a science (theory, theoretical method). May miss process or method). underpinnings that some of the nuances of May miss some of the demonstrate a these two elements. nuances in this element. knowledge of geology OR as a science. Mentions all three elements to geology as a science, but lacks the theoretical underpinnings that demonstrates comprehension beyond a surface level of understanding Negative Views Role of Theory in Science Human element of science Science vs. Technology Non-Empirical View -1 Describes scientific theory as equivalent to hypothesis or an educated guess. Articulates a perspective of scientism (scientists can do no wrong) or antiscience (science is a bogus process with no rules, just a bunch of opinions) or science happens without human involvement. Equates science with technology Equates geology/science to “making it up” or not possible to study OR science is the study of everything (not just the natural world), OR limited to certain topics, not all aspect of the natural world. -2 Describe a theory as a limitation to doing science Articulates a view of extreme scientism or anti-science view. Science is a total guess.