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Science as an
Explains how science is
Explains the role of
Explains the role of
Describes observation
empirical process based on observations of observation and
observation and
or experimentation,
the natural world,
experimentation in science, experimentation in
with no connection to
experimentation, and
may not emphasize the
science. May not
how these terms play a
modeling (with accurate
natural world. May not
indicate what is observed role in science or the
descriptions of what these include modeling.
or experimented.
importance of
are). Makes the connection Connects the importance of Connects the importance replicability.
that the results (data) from data to support claims.
of data to support claims.
these processes are what Indicates the importance of May not mention
are used to support
replicability.
replicability.
scientific claims and
emphasize the need to be
repeatable or replicable.
Role of Scientific Emphasizes how scientific Emphasizes the importance Emphasizes the
Describes scientific
Theories
theories are fundamental in of scientific theories and importance of scientific theories as playing a
helping to guide scientific explains how they are used theories, but may not
role in science in
understanding. Also
to frame scientific
provide detailed specifics context of a scientific
explains how scientific
understanding. May not
on how or why it is
method process.
theories are frameworks
explain the way that it can important.
upon which all scientific guide a discipline in the big
understanding in a given picture.
field is constructed.
Role of
communication
Develops examples of
Develops examples of
formal and informal modes formal and informal modes
of communication that
of communication, and
explains the role of
explains the role of
communication in scientific communication. May miss
advancement (specifically how science is built on
helps to build on ideas
previous ideas.
from those that are already
in place).
Includes examples of
formal and informal
modes of
communication.
Describes the role of
communication in
building scientific
understanding.
1
Identifies key terms
like observation and
experimentation with
no connection to what
role they play in
scientific
understanding.
0
Omits all key concepts
and terms associated
with scientific process
(for example,
observations,
experimentation,
modeling, data, claims,
evidence,
repeatability).
Identifies theory as a Omits any mention of
part of doing science, scientific theories.
no details or
explanation as to what
the role is.
Identifies examples
Identifies that
Omits any mention of
formal and informal
communication plays a communication.
modes of
role in science, but
communication. May does not provide
not connect the role of examples of modes of
communication to how communication.
it helps build scientific
OR
understanding
Identifies examples of
OR
formal or informal
One mode, but connects modes of
to building scientific
communication.
understanding.
Science as a
human construct
Geology as a
science
Describes science as
Describes science as
having flaws and benefits having flaws and benefits
as a result of science as a with some examples.
human construct including Identifies some aspect of
cultural and technological how science still manages
aspects as well as greed.
to be successful over time.
Identifies ways that science
is successful over time
(self-correcting, peerreviewed, and tentative
language).
Theory: Describes Plate Describes Plate Tectonics
Tectonics as the unifying as the unifying theory of
theory of geology that
geology. Describes the
helps to explain
importance of observation
phenomena like
to geology and the need for
earthquakes and volcanoes. modeling. May miss some
Process: Emphasizes
of the nuances of these
importance of multiple
three elements.
working hypotheses due to
the observational nature of
geology.
Method: Explains how
modeling is critical to
understanding and
explaining geologic
processes.
Describes one aspect of Describes one aspect of Mentions one aspect of Omits any aspect of the
how science has flaws how science has flaws how science has
human element of
and benefits, and one
or benefits due to
flaws/benefits due to science.
way of how science is
human interference
human interference or
successful over time.
OR
how science is
OR
Describes one aspect of successful overtime,
Describes several
how science is
but lacks description or
examples of
successful over time.
detail.
flaws/benefits or how
science is successful over
time but not both.
Describes two of the
Describes one of the
Identifies key terms
Omits any connection
elements that distinguish elements that
associated with
between science and
geology as a science
distinguishes geology as geology but lacks any geology.
(Theory, process or
a science (theory,
theoretical
method). May miss
process or method).
underpinnings that
some of the nuances of May miss some of the demonstrate a
these two elements.
nuances in this element. knowledge of geology
OR
as a science.
Mentions all three
elements to geology as
a science, but lacks the
theoretical
underpinnings that
demonstrates
comprehension beyond
a surface level of
understanding
Negative Views
Role of Theory in Science
Human element of science
Science vs. Technology
Non-Empirical View
-1
Describes scientific theory as
equivalent to hypothesis or an
educated guess.
Articulates a perspective of scientism
(scientists can do no wrong) or antiscience (science is a bogus process
with no rules, just a bunch of
opinions) or science happens without
human involvement.
Equates science with technology
Equates geology/science to “making it
up” or not possible to study OR
science is the study of everything (not
just the natural world), OR limited to
certain topics, not all aspect of the
natural world.
-2
Describe a theory as a limitation to
doing science
Articulates a view of extreme
scientism or anti-science view.
Science is a total guess.