Download Ch.24- Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West (Nationalism)

Ch.24- Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
(Nationalism)
Unit 10: Nationalism, Industrialization, & Imperialism
Review/ Prior Knowledge needed before
moving on…
(23.5, Congress of Vienna)
• Congress of Vienna- series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which the European
leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace & security after the defeat of
Napoleon.
• Goal = new European order, collective security & stability for the entire continent
• 5 “great powers” (Russia, Prussia (Germany), Austria, Great Britain, France) made most of the
decisions in secret
• Klemens Von Metternich- Foreign minister of Austria, most influential of the
representatives at Congress of Vienna
• He had 3 goals at Congress of Vienna:
• d
• 1- prevent future French aggression by surrounding France w/strong countries (Containment of France)
• 2- restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others (Balance of power)
• 3- restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquests (legitimacy)
24.2- Europe Faces Revolutions
24.2 Europe Faces
Revolutions
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of
Europe
Clash of Philosophies
• Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political
thought conflict in Europe
• Conservative—landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies
• Liberal— wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy
• Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.
Review:
• In early 19th century Europe, what political goals did LIBERALS have?
• Liberals:
• Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants
• They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated &
landowners would vote.
Nationalism Develops
• Nationalism and Nation-States
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Nationalism—loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history
Nation-State—nation with its own independent government
In 1815 Europe, only France, England and Spain are nation-states
Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not.
Review:
• Nationalism was a force that:
• Tore apart centuries-old empires
• Gave rise to the nation-state
• Was opposed by conservatives
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
• Greeks (1st to win self-rule) Gain Independence
• Greece was part of Ottoman Empire
• Balkans—region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s.
• Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks.
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
• 1830s Uprisings Crushed
• Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts.
• By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
• 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
• Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire.
• After an unruly mob in Vienna clashed with police, Metternich resigned and
liberal uprising broke out throughout the Austrian empire.
• Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to conservatives by 1849
Review:
• The uprisings in 1848 resulted in the resignation of Metternich.
Radicals Change France
• Conservative Defeat
• In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy
• The Third Republic
• In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic
• Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government
• 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament
Radicals Change France
• France Accepts a Strong
Ruler
• Louis-Napoleon—
Napoleon Bonaparte’s
nephew—is elected
president
• Louis-Napoleon later takes
the title emperor.
• He promotes
industrialization, built RRs,
program of public works
• Unemployment decreased
Reform in Russia
• Serfdom in Russia
• Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear losing the support of
landowners/nobles.
Reform in Russia
• Defeat Brings Change
• Russia’s lack of
industrialization leads to
military defeat in the
Crimean War.
• Alexander II—czar who
determines to make
social and economic
changes
Alexander II was also called
“Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland
he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?
Photos and Portraits of Alexander II
Reform in Russia
• Reform and Reaction
• In 1861, Alexander II
frees the serfs, but debt
keeps them on the same
land.
• Reform halts when
Alexander is assassinated
by terrorists in 1881.
• Driven by nationalism,
Alexander III encourages
industrialization.
The Church of the Savior on Blood
commemorates the place where
Alexander II was assassinated.
24.3- Nationalism- Italy & Germany
24.3 Nationalism
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new
political order in Europe
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
• Two Views of Nationalism
• Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states
• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects
• Three different types of nationalist movements:
• unification merges culturally similar lands
• separation splits off culturally distinct groups
• state-building binds separate cultures into one
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
• The Breakup of the Austrian
Empire
• Austria includes people from many
ethnic groups
• 1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War
(Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian
nationalism forces emperor to split
the empire into Austria and Hungary
• still ruled by emperor
Flag of Austria-Hungary
representing two kingdoms,
but ruled by one emperor.
This was a concession to
Hungarian nationalism.
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
• The Russia Empire Crumbles
• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire
• Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture
• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
• The Ottoman Empire Weakens
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire.
• Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.
Case Study: Italy
• Cavour Unites Italy
• Italy forms territory from crumbling
empires
• 1815-1848 Italians want
independence from foreign rulers
Case Study: Italy
• Cavour Leads Italian Unification
• Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom
of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest & most powerful of the
Italian states
• Sardinia had adopted a liberal constitution in 1848, so to
the liberal Italian middle classes, unification under
Piedmont Sardinia seemed like a good plan
• Count Camillo di Cavour—named as prime minister of the
Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 by Sardinia’s King Victor
Emmanuel II
• Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land
• Expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power
• Unified Italy
Case Study: Italy
• Garibaldi Brings Unity
• Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists
who conquer southern Italy
• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite
southern Italy with Sardinia
• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of
Sardinia to rule
• Control of Venetia and Papal States finally
unites Italy
Review:
During the 1860s, Count Camillo di Cavour expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power &
unified Italy.
Case Study: Germany
• Bismarck Unites Germany
• Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation
• Prussia Leads German Unification
• Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany
• mainly German population
• powerful army
• creation of liberal constitution
Case Study: Germany
• Bismarck Takes Control
• Junkers—conservative wealthy
landowners—support Prussian
Wilhelm I
• Junker realpolitik master Otto
von Bismarck becomes prime
minister
• Realpolitik—power politics
without room for idealism
• Bismarck defies Prussian
parliament
Case Study: Germany
• Prussia Expands
• 1864 Bismarck took the 1st step toward molding an empire…
• Prussia and Austria formed an alliance & went to war against Denmark to win
2 border provinces: Schleswig & Holstein
• Quick victory
• increased national pride among Prussians
• makes other German nations respect Prussia
• Lent support for Prussia as head of unified Germany
• After victory:
• Prussia governed Schleswig
• Austria controlled Holstein
Review:
• In the 1860s, the expansion of the state of Prussia was achieved
under the leadership of: Otto Von Bismarck
Case Study: Germany
• Seven Weeks War
• Bismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to provoke a war
• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first time.
Case Study: Germany
• The Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
• Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles
• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.
To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen.
They say he almost singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to greatness. To
others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led
Germany into dictatorship.
His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At
one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the
strong.” At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage
aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”
A Shift in Power
• Balance Is Lost
• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
•
•
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•
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Austria
Prussia
Britain
France
Russia
• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically
24.4- Revolutions in the Arts
24.4 Revolutions in the Arts
Artistic and Intellectual movements both reflect and fuel
changes in Europe during the 1800’s
Romantic Movement
• The Ideas of Romanticism
• Romanticism – Interest in nature, preferring emotion, individuality
• Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism.
• Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas that elevate reason as the
ultimate reality, and validated emotion as an authentic experience of reality.
Emotions of trepidation, horror, terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.
Romantic Movement
• Romanticism in Literature
• Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited
to romanticism
• Many British romantic poets believe nature is the
source of beauty
British Romantic Poets
• William Wordsworth
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other
Poems
• Lord Byron
Don Juan
• Percy Bysshe Shelley
Prometheus Unbound (play)
"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"
• John Keats
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (not
pictured)
"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a
Dream: A Fragment"
German writers
• Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe is a great early
romanticist.
• 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832
• He wrote the play Faust about a
doctor who sells his soul to the
devil to get whatever he wants.
German Writers
• Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, known as
“The Brothers Grimm” popularized
stories like:
• Rumpelstiltskin
• Snow White
• Rapunzel
• Cinderella
• Hansel and Gretel
• The Frog Prince
French Romantics
• Victor Hugo
• Les Miserables
• The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Gothic Novel
• Gothic horror novels taking place
in medieval castles become
popular
• The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace
Walpole is considered the first gothic
novel.
• Walpole built his English villa Strawberry Hill in the
Gothic Revival style much like a medieval castle.
• Mary Shelley- wife of the poet Percy Bysshe
Shelley, wrote one of the earliest & most
successful Gothic horror novels – Frankenstein
• Frankenstein- told story of a monster created from
the body parts of dead human beings
Examples of Gothic Fiction
• The “penny dreadful” serialized novels such as
The String of Pearls: A Romance (1846-47)
which debuts the character Sweeney Todd: The
Demon Barber of Fleet Street. “Penny
dreadfuls” were the precursors to pulp fiction
and the modern comic book.
• Another popular penny dreadful was Varney the
Vampire or The Feast of Blood anonymously
written for publication (1845-47).
Examples of Gothic Fiction
• Stories by Edgar Allen Poe
• “The Fall of the House of Usher”
• “The Pit and the Pendulum”
• “The Tell Tale Heart”
Examples of Gothic Fiction
• The most well known gothic
novel is Frankenstein by
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.
Review:
• Mary Shelley wrote an early Gothic horror story about a monster created
form corpses.
Composers Emphasize Emotion
• Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music
• Ludwig van Beethoven
• leads the way from classical music of the Enlightenment to romanticism
• 9th Symphony- celebrates freedom, dignity, and triumph of human spirit
• Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes
Ludwig van Beethoven
• baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26 March 1827
• He was a crucial figure in the transitional period
between the Classical and Romantic eras in
Western classical music, and remains one of the
most acclaimed and influential composers of all
time.
• Around 1796, Beethoven began to lose his hearing.
• Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent his
composing music, but it made playing at
concerts—lucrative sources of income—
increasingly difficult.
Review:
• One of the 1st European composers to experiment with
romanticism in music was Ludwig Van Beethoven
Franz Liszt
• October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886
• Was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and
teacher.
• Liszt became renowned throughout Europe during the
19th century for his great skill as a performer.
• He was said by his contemporaries to have been the
most technically advanced pianist of his age and
perhaps the greatest pianist of all time.
Robert Schumann
• 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856
• German composer, aesthete and
influential music critic. He is one
of the most famous and
important Romantic composers of
the 19th century.
Felix Mendelssohn
• February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847
• German composer, pianist, organist and
conductor of the early Romantic period.
• He was born into a notable Jewish
family, although he himself was brought
up initially without religion, and later as
a Lutheran Christian. He was recognized
early as a musical prodigy
Frederic Chopin
• 1 March 1810 –
17 October 1849
• Was a Polish composer and virtuoso
pianist. He is considered one of the
great masters of Romantic music.
• The great majority of Chopin's
compositions were written for the
piano as solo instrument.
Hector Berlioz
• December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869
• French Romantic composer, best known
for his compositions Symphonie
fantastique and Grande messe des
morts (Requiem).
• Berlioz made significant contributions to
the modern orchestra with his Treatise
on Instrumentation. He specified huge
orchestral forces for some of his works;
as a conductor, he performed several
concerts with more than 1,000
musicians.
Guiseppe Verdi
• October 9 or 10, 1813 – January 27,
1901
• an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of
opera. He was one of the most
influential composers of the 19th
century.
• One of his most well known tunes is "La
donna è mobile" ("Woman is fickle")
from the opera Rigoletto
Richard Wagner
• 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883
• German composer, conductor, theatre
director and essayist, primarily known
for his operas.
• Unlike most other opera composers,
Wagner wrote both the music and
libretto for every one of his works.
• Wagner’s music is controversial
because Wagner himself was
antisemitic in his essays. The Nazis
appropriated much of Wagner’s
writings and music for their own ends.
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
• Realism – art style attempting to depict life
accurately
• Paintings and novels in this style show the
working class
Photographers Capture Reality
• Daguerreotypes, early
photographs, are surprisingly real
• They are named after their French
inventor, Louis Daguerre
Daguerreotype photos
The solar eclipse of July
28, 1851 was the first
correctly exposed
photograph of a solar
eclipse, using the
daguerreotype process.
The best-known
image of Edgar Allan
Poe was a
daguerreotype taken
in 1848 by W.S.
Hartshorn, shortly
before Poe's death.
The first authenticated
image of Abraham
Lincoln was this
daguerreotype of him as
U.S. Congressman-elect in
1846, attributed to
Nicholas H. Shepard of
Springfield, Ill.
Photographers Capture Reality
• William Talbot invents negative,
allows copies of photograph
Writers Study Society
• Charles Dickens and Honore de Balzac write about society and class.
• Some realist literature sparks reforms in working conditions.
Honoré de Balzac
• French author who wrote a 100
novel series titled La Comédie
humaine, “The Human Comedy,”
about life in France after the fall of
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Émile Zola
• French author who wrote a series of
realistic novels describing the
conditions of French life in his time.
• One series of his novels was a 21 novel
series titled Les Rougon-Macquart
about a family between 1852 and 1870.
• One of his most famous books,
Germinal, was in this series and is
considered a classic in French literature.
Charles Dickens
• Dickens was in favor of liberal reforms in
British society, and used his realistic
descriptions of the plight of the poor to
promote such reform.
• His serialized works were popular in the
United States as well.
• Works include:
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A Christmas Carol
Oliver Twist
Nicholas Nickleby
Little Dorrit
Hard Times
A Tale of Two Cities
David Copperfield
Bleak House
Impressionists React Against Realism
• A New Movement
Impressionism – art style that tries to capture
precise moments in time
Life in the Moment
• Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of
rising middle class
• Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also
leading impressionists
Claude Monet
• 14 November 1840 – 5
December 1926
• Founder of French impressionist
painting, and the most
consistent and prolific
practitioner of the movement's
philosophy of expressing one's
perceptions before nature,
especially as applied to plein-air
landscape painting. The term
Impressionism is derived from
the title of his painting
Impression, Sunrise
Impression, Sunrise
The Lunch on the Grass
The Woman in the Green Dress
Garden at Sainte-Adresse
Edgar Degas
• 19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917
• French artist famous for his work in
painting, sculpture, printmaking and
drawing.
• He is regarded as one of the founders of
Impressionism although he rejected the
term, and preferred to be called a
realist.
The Dance Class
The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of Absinthe
At the Races
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
• February 25, 1841 – December 3,
1919
• Leading painter in the
development of the Impressionist
style.
The Theater Box
The Swing
On the Terrace and Dance in the City
The Bohemian
• Impressionist
composers use
music to create
mental pictures
Maurice Ravel
Claude Debussy