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Movement Analysis of the Knee Joint Throughout a Soccer Kick Kara McLaughlin 4/18/2013 Anterior agonist muscles of the knee joint Muscle Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis (externus) Vastus medialis (internus) Origin Anterior inferior iliac spine of the ilium and groove (posterior) above the acetabulum Upper 2/3 of anterior surface of femur Insertion Superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity Upper border of the patella patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity Intertrochanteric Lateral border of line, anterior and the patella and inferior borders patellar tendon of the greater to tibial trochanter, tuberosity gluteal tuberosity, upper half of the linea aspera, and entire lateral intermuscular septum Whole length of Medial half of linea aspera and upper border of medial condyloid patella and ridge patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity Action Extension of the knee; Flexion of the knee; Anterior pelvic rotation Innervation Femoral nerve (L2-L4) Extension of the knee Femoral nerve (L2-L4) Extension of the knee Femoral nerve (L2-L4) Extension of the knee Femoral nerve (L2-L4) Posterior agonist muscles of the knee joint Muscle Biceps femoris Origin Long head: ischial tuberosity. Short head: lower half of the linea aspera, and lateral condyloid ridge Popliteus Insertion Head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia Posterios surface of lateral condyle of femur Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Upper posterior medial surface of tibia Semitendinosus Upper anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle Ischial tuberosity Posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle Action Flexion of the knee; Extension of the hip; Posterior pelvic rotation; External rotation of the knee; External rotation of the hip Internal rotation of the knee as it flexes; Flexion of the knee Extension of the hip; Flexion of the knee; Posterior pelvic rotation; Internal rotation of the hip; Internal rotation of the knee Extension of the hip; Flexion of the knee; Posterior pelvic rotation; Internal rotation of the hip; Internal rotation of the knee Innervation Long head: sciatic nervetibial division (S1-S3) Short head: sciatic nerve- peroneal division (L5, S1, S2) Tibial nerve (L5, S1) Sciatic nervetibial division (L5, S1, S2) Sciatic nervetibial division (L5, S1, S2) Preparatory Phase The preparatory phase is often referred to as the cocking or wind-up stage. It is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles so that they will be in position to generate more force and momentum when they concentrically contract in the next phase, or movement phase. This is easily the most critical phase in leading toward the desired result of the activity. During this phase, the knee moves into flexion using the hamstrings. To be more specific, flexion of the knee involves the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and the semitendinosus. The little popliteus muscle is also used to help move the knee into flexion. These muscles would be considered agonist at this time. The antagonist muscles include the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and the vastus medialis. From flexion, the knee moves into extension using the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. The antagonist muscles during extension include the hamstring muscles and the popliteus. During both flexion and extension, the muscles involved are occurring in the sagittal plane. Movement Phase The movement phase is sometimes referred to as the acceleration, action, motion, or contract stage. The summation of force is generated directly to the ball, sport-object, or opponent. It is usually characterized by near maximal concentric activity in the involved muscles. Throughout this phase, the knee joint continues from extension in the sagittal plane on the posterior side of the body to the kicking stage. The knee joint continues in extension as it moves to the anterior side of the body. The extensor muscles include the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and the vastus medialis. The quad muscles would still be considered the agonist muscles, while the hamstrings and popliteus are the agonists. This process occurs in the sagittal plane as well. Follow-Through Phase This occurs when the ball makes contact with the kicker’s foot. During this stage, the quadriceps are working at high levels eccentrically to reduce distraction forces at the knee. The knee moves from extension until the cross-body motion occurs. Training 1.) Squat- flexion/extension; agonist muscles rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis; antagonist muscles rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis. 2.) Dead Lift- extension/flexion; agonists rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis; antagonists (eccentric concentration) rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis. 3.) Leg Lifter- extension/flexion; agonists rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis; antagonists biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. 4.) Rowing Exercise- extension/flexion; agonists rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis; antagonists biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Bibliography Floyd R.T. Manual of Structural Kinesiology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Co; 2012 Stanten M. The Best and Worst Exercises for the Knee. Prevention. 2013. Available at http://www.active.com/fitness/Articles/The_Best_and_Worst_Exercises_for_Ba. Accessed April 14, 2013. Zelmen H.. An Analysis of a Soccer Kick. MIT Libraries. 2006. Available at http://www.unc.edu/~ncrani/kicking1.htm. Accessed April 14, 2013. Shan G. Coaches Info. Know-How of Maximal Instep Kick in Soccer. 2005. Available at http://www.coachesinfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=10313&Itemid=143. Accessed April 14, 2013.