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The First Global Age: Europe and Asia The Search For Spices Europeans Explore the Seas Europeans traded with Asia long before the Renaissance but declined with the end of Mongol rule and the Black Death The Moluccas, or Spice Islands, were the chief source of spices Common items for trade Nutmeg Cinnamon Cloves pepper Europeans Explore the Seas Motives 1400’s – merchants had to go through Muslim traders to get goods Europeans wanted to gain direct access to riches of Asia so they sough a route that bypassed the Mediterranean Some still had the desire to crusade against the Muslims Some just wanted to learn about other lands Improved Technology Cartographers – Astrolabe – Caravel - Portugal Sails Eastward - Led the way in exploration; expanded into North Africa and seized Ceuta Mapping the African Coast Henry the Navigator – hoped to expand Christianity and find the source of African gold Gathered all the experts in different fields for exploration and explored the western coast of Africa; Henry died in 1460 1488 – Bartholomeau Dias rounded southern tip of Africa and opened new sea route to Asia; Cape of Good Hope On to India 1497 – Vasco de Gama reached Calicut on west coast of India; the trip suffered many causalities from hunger, thirst, and scurvy – Survivors received a profit of 3000% when they returned to Europe De Gama forged a friendship treaty with the ruler of Calicut and set up a massive trading empire around the Indian Ocean for Portugal Columbus Sails West - Wanted to reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic - Greatly underestimated the size of the Earth; had no idea continents lay in his path Voyages of Columbus Portugal turned him down Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed his trip; they wanted new sources of wealth and spread Christianity to Asia 1492 – left Spain with Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria Sailed for 2 months until they found land, the Caribbean islands Called the people Indians because he thought he had reached the Indies Returned to Spain as a hero; returned 3 more times before people realized he had discovered new continents Columbus Sails West Columbus Sails West Line of Demarcation – Spain and Portugal both claimed the newly discovered lands Pope Alexander came up with the Line of Demarcation to settle it Anything west of the line belonged to Spain, anything east belonged to Portugal; Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal Naming the “New World” 1507 – a German cartographer read reports about the “New World” written by an Italian, Amerigo Vaspucci Labeled the region, America; the islands explored by Columbus became known as the West Indies The Search Continues - 1513: Vasco Nunez de Balboa, crossed Panama and was the first to see the Pacific Ocean; called it the South Sea Perils at Sea Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 5 ships to find route to the Pacific; had to battle heat, storms, and mutiny Carefully explored each bay along coast of South America looking for a route to Pacific Found one at the southern tip and became known as the Strait of Magellan; he renamed the South Sea the Pacific, or peaceful, Ocean The Search Continues Circumnavigating the Globe Sailors wanted to return home the way they came but Magellan thought they were close to the East Indies Sailed for 4 months until they reached the Philippines where Magellan was killed by natives Only one ship made it back to Spain and became the first people to circumnavigate the globe Search for a Northwest Passage 1497 – Henry VII of England sent John Cabot to find a more northern route than Columbus; found fishing grounds at Newfoundland in the name of England French sent Jacques Cartier who explored the St. Lawrence River Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River for the Dutch - None found a Northwest Passage Diverse Traditions of SE Asia Geography of SE Asia Mainland: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia (land between China and India) Several peninsulas: 20,000 islands (Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Phillipines) Location Mainland is seperated from Asia by mountains and river valleys Islands were always a stopping point for traders traveling between India and China Geography of SE Asia Trade Routes in the Southern Seas Monsoons shaped trading patterns in “southern seas”; northeast in summer, southwest in winter Key products were spices Early Traditions Have found jewelry and jars 5000 years old Followed own religious and cultural patterns that were built around nuclear families Matrilineal - Impact of India Increasing Contacts Through trade and immigrants coming to India to learn, Indian beliefs increased and peaked between 500-1000 AD Islam By the 1200’s, Islam ruled N India and spread to Indonesia and Phillipines New Kingdoms and Empires Pagan Arose in fertile rice growing Irrawaddy Valley King Anawqarta united the region making it a Buddhist region Stupas The Khmer Empire Srivijaya Vietnam Padis - European Footholds in SE Asia and India Portugal’s Empire in the East - Afonso Albequerque conquers the island of Goa and sets up military and commercial base and turns Indian Ocean into a “Portuguese Lake” Trading Outposts Captured ports of Aden and Ormuz, which allowed access to the Persian Gulf that empties into Indian Ocean In less than 50 years, Portugal set up military and merchant outposts along E Africa, India, and SE Asia Controlled spice trade for most of the 1500’s Impact Portugal was not very strong militarily but did get permission to trade with India and China Missionaries destroyed Hindu temples, attacked Muslims, introduced the Inquisition; sank Muslim ships carrying pilgrims to Mecca Rise of the Dutch - First to challenge Portuguese domination Sea Power 1599 – first fleet to return home with cargo from Asia; received 100% profit and led to frenzy of overseas activity Used sea power to set up colonies and trading posts around the world; built Cape Town settlement to resupply ships Dutch Dominance 1602 – formed Dutch East India Company 1641 – captured Malacca from Portugal and opened trade with China; set up monopoly in Spice islands Used military force but did set up ties with local rulers; many married Asian women Became very rich and built lavish houses in Amsterdam Declined with the rise of England and France in 1700’s Spain Seizes the Philippines Magellan claimed the archipelago for Spain and within 50 years had conquered and renamed the island for King Phillip II People were easy to conquer because they were not united Became key link to Spain’s overseas trading empire; used silver mined in Americas to trade with China Wanted to spread Christianity to Filipinos as well as China and Japan Mughal India and European Traders - India was not interested in Europe until the 1700’s because of its own Golden Age Industry and Commerce World leader in textile manufacturing (silk, cotton), handicrafts, and shipbuilding Was larger, richer, and more powerful than any empire in Europe; no interest in trading Turmoil and Decline Years of civil war between Muslims and Hindus led to decline Mughal India and European Traders British-French Rivalry Both set up its own East India Company’s and played local rulers against each other; used sepoys – 1756 – went to war which eventually led to other wars in Asia and Americas Led by Robert Clive, Britain drove out French and became sole rulers of East India Company and of India Encounters in East Asia European Trade with China - Europeans thought of Chinese enthusiastically, Chinese looked upon Europeans as barbarians Strict Limits on Trade Reached China by sea in 1514; had nothing of interest to Chinese in exchange for silk and porcelain China wanted only gold and silver Ming dynasty finally allowed trade in Macao; could only trade under supervision of the imperial officials (Zheng He) Scholars and Missionaries Matteo Ricci – Jesuit priest; learned to speak Chinese and adopted their dress Chinese willing to learn about the arts and sciences but had little to do with religion The Manchu Conquest - 1600’s pushed through the Great Wall and conquered China making Beijing its capital Qing Rule – “pure” Barred marriages between Manchus and Chinese and footbinding Followed Confucian system of government; govt stayed in Chinese hands but loyalty was enforced by Manchus Kangxi – ruled 1661-1722; able administrator and military leader; extended Chinese power into C Asia and culture Qianlong – grandson of Kangxi; (1735-96) expanded borders to rule largest area in nation’s history The Manchu Conquest Prosperity New crops, potatoes and corn, boosted farm output; population doubled between 1740-1800; trade increased (only within China) Response to Westerners Restricted foreign traders; 1793 – Lord Macartney came to China as a diplomat and offered British products to show they were worthy to trade with China Chinese emperor thought they were tributes and thought of them as crude Macartney offended Chinese by not kneeling in front of emperor and speaking of the English as superior; Qianlong wrote letter to King George III rejecting trade requests Qianlong felt justified because why trade with someone when you are already leader of the world’s greatest empire; would eventually suffer because of lack of military technology Korea and Isolation Rejected trading because merchants were lowest in class system Conquered by Japan and Manchus Became known as “Hermit Kingdom” Japan and Foreign Traders At first welcomed foreign trades because of new weapons and castle designs; also welcomed missionaries Tokugawa shoguns drove foreigners out (Catholic missionaries) because people began to owe loyalty to pope rather than them; persecuted thousands 1638 – all western merchants banned and noone from Japan could travel outward
