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Secession of the Southern States For more than 100 years, the colonies had worked together to build a unified country. Social and economic pressures slowly built until one day the country split, and the South seceded from the Union. 1 The split between the North and South did not happen all at once or on a whim. The desire for one group to change and another to maintain its status quo caused two cultures to collide. 2 In the Southern States, most people depended on agriculture for their livelihoods. The vast farms or plantations required large workforces to maintain the crops, because there was no mechanization. Slaves had long been the accepted workers of choice, and slavery had become a part of Southern culture. 3 When the invention of the cotton gin made cotton a very profitable crop, the number of plantations growing it increased quickly. A way of life that had been dying a natural death was infused with new life. Men hungered for more land to grow more cotton to become richer. Since workers were essential, they were taken to the new land as well. 4 When Missouri was settled, it was with many Southerners looking for a better life. They had their slaves with them. When Missouri asked to join the Union the first time in 1819, the House of Representatives refused to allow them. They were not sure they wanted another Slave State. 5 In the North slavery had quickly become less profitable in the face of industrialization. As stories about the treatment of many slaves became known, many of the people of the North became less and less tolerant of it. 6 Henry Clay, a Southern statesman, worked out a compromise. Missouri could enter the Union as a Slave State, while Maine would enter as a Free State. Still, the issue refused to go away as more people pressed for the elimination of slavery. 7 In 1831, President Andrew Jackson forced South Carolina to accept federal tariffs. He would not listen to arguments about state's rights and threatened military action. South Carolina backed down but fears began to rise about other issues like slavery. How long would it be before the federal government would trample States' rights and abolish it too? 8 Not all Southerners liked slavery or owned slaves. Some thought it was a terrible thing to hold others in bondage, but they began to see these constant criticisms as attacks on their culture and proud heritage. They believed these were issues which should be decided within a state and not forced upon them from the outside. 9 The Presidential election of 1860 became the final straw. Many leaders of the Southern States vowed to secede from the Union if Lincoln, an abolitionist, was elected as president. They feared he would ignore the rights of their states. They believed that any powers not granted to the federal government by the constitution, belonged to the states. If the states could individually join the Union, they should be able to leave when they wanted. 10 11 In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede. Five more states 1 Secession of the Southern States Name _____________________________ Period___________ Date ___________________ followed in January 1861; Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana. In February 1861, the six met to form a group called the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis was immediately elected as the new President, with Alexander H. Stephens as Vice President. A month later, Texas joined the Confederacy. Lincoln avoided talking about force in his March 1861 inaugural address, but he did say that the Union was a permanent one. 12 Confederate soldiers took over Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor on April 12. When Lincoln ordered the fort retaken by the Union three days later, the Southerners considered it an act of war. That spurred Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee to join the Confederacy. The Civil War had begun. 13 1. Why would some Southerners support a pro-slavery government if they did not believe in slavery? They thought slavery should be decided by the state government They preferred to mind their own business They did not care what others did They did not like outsiders telling them what to do 2. If the cotton gin hadn't been invented, slavery might have disappeared on its own. False True 3. Define the word secede as it appears in the 4. What compromise allowed a Slave State story. into the Union when alternated with a Free State? Separated away Split away Maryland Mississippi Ran away Pulled away Maine Missouri 5. What was the first real threat to States' Rights that caused many people concern? Federal tariffs Emancipation Proclamation Abolitionism Import bans 6. The first state to secede from the Union was North Carolina. False True 7. The Confederate States of America were made up of ________ states. Eleven Nine Six Twelve 8. The Confederate President was elected before the Union President was inaugurated. False True 2 Secession of the Southern States 3 Secession of the Southern States Secession of the Southern States Answer Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 They thought slavery should be decided by the state government True Separated away Missouri Federal tariffs False Eleven True 4