* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Weed - NSW Department of Education
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Verbascum thapsus wikipedia , lookup
Weed Country of origin Description Impacts Control methods Spread Introduced Alligator weed South America Water plant, small white flower heads, invades waterways and land. Roots may be in the bottom or the whole plant can form a floating mat. On land it replaces crop plants or native species. When growing in water it can clog up the whole waterway and reduces the amount of oxygen in water which can lead to fish kills. Biocontrol is alligator weed flea beetle. Early detection is the best method and removal before the plant becomes established. This plant is confused with a herb used in Sri Lankan cooking. Education about the differences will reduce the spread. Weed removers have been used. Spreads by pieces breaking off and travelling in floods or on machinery. Seeds do not grow. First recorded in Newcastle in 1940 probably came in ship’s ballast. Northern Africa to Pakistan Tree, salt resistant and drought tolerant, small triangular leaves, small pinkish-white flowers. Affects farming by consuming large quantities of water. This makes the soil under the trees salty and not suitable for native plants. Mechanical and chemical control is used targeting the upper catchment. Seedlings can be hand weeded. Athel pine spreads downstream. Spreads by seeds in the wind or plants in flood water. Introduced in 1930 for shade, erosion control, as a windbreak, and as drought fodder. South Africa Shrub, yellow daisy Turns coastal Hand pulling of Spread by animals First introduced in Alternanthera philoxeroides http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=W01 Athel pine Tamarix aphylla http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =T15 Bitou bush and boneseed flowers and glossy green leaves, black seeds. dunes into monocultures of bitou, growing over and smothering native vegetation. This has an effect on native animals. seedlings, biological controls (8). Mechanical using bulldozers and chemical including aerial spraying. Environmental control by land management including fire. eating berries and then passing through the digestive system. ship’s ballast in Newcastle area in 1908. Eurasia A scrambling plant with thorns. Black berries may contain up to 80 seeds. Blackberry is both an agricultural and environmental weed. It prevents use of recreational land and the use of land for grazing. Biological control is blackberry leaf rust, herbicides, grazing by goats, burning, slashing. Spread by seeds fruits eaten by foxes, dogs, birds and people. Introduced for the fruit. South Africa White and green flowers, climber that smothers other plants by growing over the top. It grows over other plants, takes over in some natural areas and shades citrus and avocado trees. Biological control bridal creeper leafhopper, rust fungus and leaf beetle. Herbicides are very effective. Fires and grazing by wallabies has shown to be effective. Seeds dispersed by birds or through the roots. Produces more than 1000 berries. Escaped garden plant, recorded in 1857. Chrysanthemoides monilifera http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =S06 Blackberries Rubus fruticosus agg. http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =S07 Bridal creeper Asparagus asparagoides http://weeds.crc.org.au/main/ wom_bridal_creeper.html http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =V08 Cabomba South America Water plant, floating leaves different from submerged leaves. Very fast grower. It reduces water storage and can taint the water. Mechanical control, shading and drawdown of the water are effective. Spread by plant fragments. Introduced as an aquarium plant. South America Tufted grass, up to one metre high. Flowers spring and summer. Has sharp pointed seeds. Produces 20 000 seeds per square metre a year. Replaces more desirable grasses from pastures. Causes injury to stock and downgrades wool. Combined herbicides, mechanical control and grazing management. Biological control is rust fungus. Spread by seeds from flowers and stems. Farm equipment must be cleaned thoroughly. Introduced for agricultural purposes. Recorded in 1934. Western Europe A shrub to 4 metres. Yellow pea flowers, older plants spiny, seed pods hairy. Provides shelter for pest species such as rabbits, increases bushfires, reduces access to grazing. Herbicide effective when plants actively growing, grazing by sheep and goats, burning, mechanical control. Biological control by gorse seed weevil, gorse spider mite and gorse thrips. Spread by seeds that explode, sending the seed some distance. Along waterways the seeds are carried by water. Machinery from one area may relocate seeds. Introduced as a hedge plant in the early 1800s. Central America A grass usually 1.5 m tall, leaves clasp the stem, spread Threatens northern wetlands and sugar cane farms. Blocks Herbicides are effective, mechanical control Spreads from seeds and plant fragments. Seeds Introduced as fodder plant in 1970s. Cabomba caroliniana http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=W04 Chilean needle grass Nassella neesiana http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=G12 Gorse Ulex europaeus http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=S23 Hymenachne Hymenachne amplexicaulis http://weeds.org.au/cgi- bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =G09 Lantana seeds in stock feed and by water, can grow in flooded fields. waterways, causes flooding, and threatens drinking water. Reduces biodiversity. and fire, Shading will kill plants. travel on flood waters and spread by magpie geese. Tropical America Garden escapee, colourful flower head on the top of the stems. Forms a thicket. Impenetrable thicket takes over pastures and natural areas preventing use. Four biological controls, fire, mechanical and revegetation are useful. Ripe fruit is black and is eaten and dispersed by birds, layering of plants produces a spreading dense strand. Spread from gardens, recorded in 1841. South America Tree or shrub to 10 metres, seeds are moved by animals and water. Flowers are yellow spikes. Forms dense impenetrable thickets, thorns prevent animals from getting to water. Safe refuge for pest species such as pigs and cats. Mechanical control, chemical control, burning, pasture management and biological control (leaf sucking bug and leaf tying moth). Animals eat the pods and spread the seeds. Seeds may be carried in floodwaters. Introduced in the 19th century as a garden plant and as a fodder plant. Tropical America Leaves are sensitive to touch, flowers are pink fluffy balls. Thorns present. Dense strands replace native vegetation and reduces biodiversity, replaces Mechanical control, chemical control, burning, pasture management and biological control (moths and Seeds travel in water, on mud attached to machinery and through animal droppings. Introduced as a garden plant in 1861. Lantana camara http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=S03 http://weeds.crc.org.au/docu ments/wmg_lantana.pdf Mesquite Prosopis spp. http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nt&s=®ion=stu& card=T09 Mimosa pigra Mimosa pigra http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =S13 Pond apple Annona glabra Small tree up (6 m), cream coloured leathery flowers. Roots are buttressed. Grows like a mangrove and crowds out other species Mechanical and chemical control. Dispersed by water movement, including salt water. Also spread by pigs and birds. Introduced as root stock for custard apples in 1886. Americas Yellow petals with an orange spot. Shrub or small tree. Covered in prickles. Replaces native species and reduces access to water. Can dam waterways. Mechanical control, chemical control, burning, and biological control (seed feeding beetle). The seeds float and are spread by water. Introduced in the 1800s as an ornamental shade and hedge plant. Tropical America A shrub to 1.5 m, white flowers in a small head (4 mm). Very short lifecycle. Can cause allergic reactions in humans and taint milk and meat of stock. Mechanical control, chemical control, burning, pasture management and biological control nine species of insects and 2 rusts. Seeds carried by water or on farm machinery. First recorded in 1955 in Queensland. Pakistan and India Tree with round fluffy yellow Halves productivity of grazing land and Mechanical control, chemical control, Spread by seeds in animal dung, seeds Planted as an ornamental shade Parkinsonia aculeata http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=T17 Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=H02 Prickly acacia Acacia nilotica ssp. indica weevils). Tropical America and Africa http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =T14 Parkinsonia grasslands and hinders mustering of stock. http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nt&s=®ion=stu& card=T11 Rubber vine flowers, thorny, leaves are ferny. restricts access to waterways. Threatens biodiversity in native areas. burning, pasture management (do not overgraze) and biological control (six insects released). may be washed downstream. tree in the early 1900s, also used as a fodder plant. Madagascar A vine, shrub to 3 m high, glossy dark green leaves, and purple and white trumpet flowers. Grows over the top of native trees, threatens to choke waterways. Mechanical control, chemical control, burning and biological control. Seeds spread by wind and water. Planted in gardens in the 1860s. South America Free floating water plant. Reproduces by breaking off clumps and travelling in water. Threatens waterways and reduces biodiversity. Biological control (salvinia weevil) has been effective in warmer areas. Spreads vegetatively, can double in area in 5 days. Spreads downstream. Grown for aquariums since 1952. South America A clumping grass up to 60 cm high. Seeds carried by water animals and in feed. Stock will not eat. No grazing value, may dominate pastures, fire hazard. Biological control (rust, smut and fungus), grazing management and replanting with desirable grasses, herbicides. Seeds spread by the wind also spread by humans and animals, moving soil or farm machinery. Unknown Cryptostegia grandiflora http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card =V07 Salvinia Salvinia molesta http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=W02 Serrated tussock Nassella trichotoma http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=nsw&s=®ion=sb &card=G14 Willows Salix spp. except S. babylonica, S. X calodendron and S. X reichardtiji http://weeds.org.au/cgibin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.t pl&state=vic&s=®ion=ncp &card=T25 Eurasia (China) Medium-sized tree, loses its leaves in winter. Causes flooding and erosion by changing the direction of water movement, slows the flow of water. Chemical (stem injections of herbicide) and mechanical removal. Broken pieces float in streams and can then form new plants. Seeds carried by wind or water. Planted as an ornamental tree along riverbanks.