Download Exercise 5 The Human Brain

Exercise 5 The Human Brain
Names, Locations, Functions
Gyrus – convoluted ridge on cerebral cortex, Greek for twisted, gray matter
Sulcus – a shallow groove between two gyri
Hemisphere – one half of a spherical structure
Ventricle – a fluid filled cavity
Gray matter – CNS areas primarily filled with cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
White matter – CNS areas primarily filled with myelinated axons
Commissure – white matter fibers that connect hemispheres
Cerebrum – largest part of brain, contains left & right hemispheres, basal
ganglia, and olfactory bulbs
Cerebral hemispheres – left and right hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure – space separating left and right cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex – outer gray matter cerebrum layer, many ridges and valleys
Frontal lobe – 2 – reason, speech, abstract thinking, odor, voluntary motor
activity
Parietal lobe – 4 – body imaging, taste, understanding speech
Temporal lobe – 3 – sound, odor, memory, emotion
Occipital lobe – 5 – sight, memory
Insula – 86 – taste, understanding speech
Central sulcus – 20 - divides frontal from parietal lobe
Anterior central gyrus (pre central gyrus) – 10 – primary motor area, voluntary
movements of most skeletal muscles
Posterior central gyrus – 11 – primary somatosensory area, integrates
information about touch, pressure, position
Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) – 28 – divides temporal lobe from parietal and
frontal lobes
Lateral ventricles – (88 & 89), one ventricle in each cerebrum,
Third ventricle – (113) – shallow depression around the thalamus in the
midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct – Sylvian aqueduct – (57) – passage between third and
fourth ventricles
Fourth ventricle – (59) – wedge shaped space between cerebellum and brain
stem, at inferior end 4th ventricle connects or becomes the central canal
of the spinal cord
Corpus callosum – (41, 42, 43) – large commissure connecting right and left
cerebral hemisp heres
Fornix – (45) – smaller commissure connecting regions of the limbic system
Limbic system – parts of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus
responsible for emotions, control of physical expression of emotions,
Diencephalon - 20
Thalamus – (47, 49, 109) – two egg shaped masses of gray matter in the
center of the brain held together by the intermediate mass of the
thalamus, area processes and integrates sensory information and filters
inputs sent to cerebral cortex for conscious perception
Hypothalamus – (area between 52 and 68) – controls ANS motor functions for
body temperature, primitive drives, emotions such as thirst, hunger,
sleep, pleasure, pain, fear, and rage
Mammillary bodies – (69) – two breast shaped bulges on the inferior
hypothalamus which integrate sensory smell information
Infundibulum – (72) – stalk of the hypothalamus connecting to the pituitary
gland
Pituitary gland – (115) – hypophysis – secretes many hormones
Pineal gland (body) – (54) – regulation of sleep cycle and melatonin
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina – (56, 100, 101, 107, 108) – four rounded
protrusions of the posterior midbrain
Superior quadrigeminal bodies (100, 107) – coordinate visual reflexes of
the eyes when tracking or following a moving object
Inferior quadrigeminal bodies (101, 108) – coordinate auditory reflexes
such as tilting the head toward an unexpected sound
Cerebellum – (6) – unconscious processing center for motor activity,
participates in cognitive functions such as language, problem solving,
and predicting sequences or patterns
Cerebellar hemisphere – (6)
Vermis – (62, 130) – connects two cerebellar hemispheres
Arbor vitae – (61) - white matter of the cerebellum
Pons – (65) – integrates and coordinates activity of the cerebral motor areas and the
cerebellum, with the medulla oblongata the pons regulates respiration
Medulla oblongata – (63) – regulatory center for respiration, cardiac function, as well as
vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing reflex centers, coordinates
functions with the hypothalamus, medulla inferiorly narrows passes through the foramen
magnum and becomes the spinal cord
Nerves – bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system
Spinal nerves – connected to the spinal cord
Cranial nerves – connected to the brain
Sensory nerves – afferent neurons
Motor nerves – efferent neurons
Mixed nerves – contain motor and sensory nerves, all spinal nerves are mixed
Cranial nerves all originate from the inferior surface of the brain
I - olfactory nerve – (92 & 1) – S – smell to
II - optic – (112 & II) – S – from retina to visual areas of occipital lobe,
hemideccusate at optic chiasma (53),
III – oculomotor – (114 & III) – M – controls 4 eyeball muscles and some of the
muscles inside the eye attached to the pupil and lens
IV – trochlear – (116 - IV) – M – controls muscles in eye socket
V - trigeminal - (117 & V) – S&M – sensory for forehead, eyelids, teeth, palate
and gums, motor for chewing muscles
VI - abducens – (118 & VI) – M – controls lateral movements of the eyeball
VII – facial – (119 &VII) – S&M – sensory for taste, motor for some facial muscles,
and muscles of expressions, and tear and salivary gland secretions
VIII – auditory (vestibulocochlear or acoustic) – (120 & VIII) – S – info from
semicircular canals for balance and from the cochlea for hearing
IX - glossopharyngeal- (121 & IX) – S&M – sensory for tongue and lining of the
pharynx, motor for muscles of pharynx for swallowing
X - vagus – (122 & X) – S&M – sensory for pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and organs
of the throat, motor for muscles of speech, swallowing, and heart
XI - accessory (spinal accessory) – (123 & XI) – M – controls some muscles of the
neck
XII - hypoglossal – (124 & XII) – M – tongue muscles for speech, chewing &
swallowing
olf- opt- ocu- tro- tri- abd- fac- aud- glo- vag- spiac- hypo
on old Olympus towering top a fin and greek viewed some hops