Download List of Bones - El Camino College

CHECKLIST OF BONES TO BE LEARNED
I. Learn all the bones and structures on the checklist.
II. Determine right from left on all bones, except for the following bones: fibula, bones of the
hands and
feet, carpals and tarsals, ribs, inferior nasal conchae.
AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL
Δ CRANIAL BONES
• FRONTAL BONE
frontal squama
orbital plate (surface, part)
supraorbital foramen (is sometimes a notch)
zygomatic process
frontal sinus (Review the definition of a sinus. Where would you find a sinus? Look at the
sagittal skull on the cart)
• OCCIPITAL BONE
external occipital crest
internal occipital crest
external occipital protuberance
superior nuchal line
inferior nuchal line
occipital condyles
foramen magnum
hypoglossal canals
• TEMPORAL BONES (2):
squamous portion
petrous portion
mastoid portion
mastoid process
styloid process
zygomatic process
carotid canal
stylomastoid foramen
external auditory (acoustic) meatus
internal auditory meatus
mandibular fossa
• PARIETAL BONES (2)
squamosal suture
• SPHENOID BONE (1)
sella turcica (1)
dorsum sellae (1)
anterior clinoid processes (2)
lateral pterygoid processes (2)
medial pterygoid processes (2)
greater wings (ala) (2)
lesser wings (ala) (2)
superior orbital fissure (2)
optic foramen (2)
foramen ovale (2)
foramen spinosum (2)
foramen rotundum (2)
sphenoid sinuses (2)
• ETHMOID BONE (1)
crista galli
cribriform plate
olfactory foramina
perpendicular plate
middle nasal concha
air cells
orbital plate ( aka medial lamina, lateral mass)
Δ FACIAL BONES
• ZYGOMATIC (2)
temporal process
frontal process
• LACRIMAL (2)
On the intact skull, observe the lacrimal canal.
• NASAL (2)
• MAXILLA (2)
alveolar sockets (Note that these are holes in which teeth sit.)
palatine process
frontal process
maxillary sinus
infraorbital foramen
incisive foramen (canal). Note: The book might mistakenly call this a fossa.
orbital plate
anterior nasal spine
zygomatic process
• PALATINE (2)
horizontal plate
• INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE (2)
• VOMER (1)
• MANDIBLE (1)
body
angle
ramus
coronoid process
condylar process (mandibular condyle)
mental foramen
mandibular foramen
mandibular notch
Note: Venous sinuses are blood vessels that drain blood from the brain. They are similar
to veins and
occupy grooves in the skull. You will need to look on the inside of the skull to see these
grooves.
Groove for the Superior Sagittal Sinus
Groove for the Transverse Sinus
Groove for the Sigmoid Sinus
• SUTURES OF THE SKULL
Coronal, Sagittal, Squamosal, Lambdoidal
Note: Identify sutural bones, which are located within the sutures of the skull.
Look!
Read this!
Δ AUDITORY OSSICLES (EAR)
• MALLEUS (2)
• INCUS (2)
• STAPES (2)
Δ FETAL SKULL
• Fontanels (With Synonyms)
1 Frontal (Anterior)
1 Occipital (Posterior)
2 Sphenoidal (Anterolateral)
2 Mastoid (Posterolateral)
Notice the Following on the Fetal Skull:
absence of mastoid process
absence of external auditory canal (with consequent exposed eardrum)
flat (short) face
two parts to frontal bone and mandible
Δ FORAMINA OF THE ADULT SKULL
optic foramen
olfactory foramina
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum
carotid foramen (canal)
jugular foramen
foramen magnum
supraorbital foramen (notch)
infraorbital foramen
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
incisive foramen
stylomastoid foramen
Δ PARTS OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRA
body of the vertebra
transverse process
transverse foramina (on cervical vertebrae only)
spinous process
2 superior articular processes
2 superior articular facets
2 inferior articular processes
2 inferior articular facets
lamina
pedicle
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramina
facets and demifacets for rib articulations (thoracic vertebrae only)
intervertebral notches Note: the intervertebral notch of one vertebra together with the
intervertebral
notch of the next vertebra together makeup one intervertebral foramen. Spinal nerves exit
the spinal cord
through the intervertebral foramina.
Δ VERTEBRAL REGIONS
On the lab test you will be expected to identify a single vertebra as cervical, thoracic, or lumbar.
Use these
regional features to help identify vertebrae by region.
• Cervical Region
transverse foramina on all 7 vertebrae
bifid spine on most
Atlas (C1):
body is absent
Note superior articular facets for articulation with occipital condyles
Axis (C2)
dens (odontoid process)
Vertebra Prominens (C7)
prominent spinous process; spine not bifid
•Thoracic Region
facets or demifacets on body of vertebra for rib attachment
1 facet on transverse process for rib tubercle
intervertebral articulations permit lateral rotation
• Lumbar Region
body is larger than in the cervical or thoracic regions because these are weight-bearing
thick rectangular spinous process
thin blade-like transverse processes
interlocking intervertebral articulations
• Sacrum
note surface for articulation with ilium (auricular surface)
promontory
median sacral crest
sacral foramina
body
sacral canal
• Coccyx (Coccyxgeal Vertebrae)
3-5 rudimentary, nodular-appearing vertebrae
• Ribs
On full skeleton, identify ‘true ribs’: vertebrosternal ribs, ‘false ribs’: vertebrochondral ribs,
and floating ribs. (Note: do not use
the terms true or false ribs. These are not scientific terms.) From the bone box identify rib #1
and floating
ribs. Also identify the following parts of a rib: head, neck, body, tubercle, costal groove,
articular facets for
vertebrae, costal articular surface
• Sternum
manubrium, gladiolus (body), xiphoid process, sternal angle, suprasternal notch (jugular notch)
facets for clavicle and for costal cartilages 1-7
• Hyoid Bone
This is the only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
Pectoral Girdle And Upper Limb
• Scapula
supraspinous fossa
glenoid fossa
suprascapular notch
spine
coracoid process
acromion process
• Clavicle
sternal end, acromial end, coracoid (conoid) tubercle
• Humerus
Proximal End:
head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
intertubercular (bicipital) groove
deltoid tuberosity
anatomical neck
surgical neck
Distal End:
trochlea (medial condyle)
capitulum (lateral condyle)
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa
• Ulna
olecranon process
semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
coronoid process
radial notch
styloid process
• Radius
head
radial tuberosity
styloid process
ulnar notch
• Carpals
Proximal Row
Scaphoid (Navicular)
Lunate
Triquetrum (Triangular)
Pisiform
Distal Row:
Trapezium (Greater Multangular)
Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular)
Capitate
Hamate
• Metacarpals (1-5)
Metacarpal #1 is lateral (thumb); #5 is medial.
• Phalanges
Thumb:
proximal phalanx
distal phalanx
Fingers:
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Δ Articulated Pelvic Girdle (On Cart and in Cabinet)
2 innominate bones (ox coxae, coxal bones)
pubic symphysis
pubic angle
pelvic brim (inlet)
sacroiliac joints
sacrum
• Innominate Bone (Coxal Bone, Os Coxa)
acetabulum
obturator foramen
ilium
ischium
pubis
• Ilium
auricular surface, (sacral articular surface)
greater sciatic notch
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
iliac crest
iliac fossa
• Ischium
ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
• Pubis
pubic tubercle
inferior ramus
superior ramus
symphyseal surface
• Femur: Proximal End:
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line (on anterior surface)
intertrochanteric crest (on posterior surface)
fovea capitis
Femur: Intermediate:
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspera
Femur: Distal End
medial and lateral condyles
medial and lateral epicondyles
intercondylar fossa
patellar surface
medial and lateral supracondylar lines
• Tibia
medial and lateral condylar facets (these are sometimes called condyles, but they are actually
facets.)
intercondylar eminence (consists of the medial and lateral tibial spines)
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus
fibular articular facets, superior and inferior
anterior margin
popliteal tuberosity
soleal line
• Fibula
head
lateral malleolus
tibial articular surfaces
• Patella
articular surface ( two large facets)
apex
• Tarsals
calcaneus
talus; also ID tibial articular surface
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms (1, 2, and 3, or medial, intermediate, and lateral)
• Metatarsals
one through five, medial to lateral
• Phalanges
proximal, middle, distal
Note: big toe has only two phalanges--proximal phalanx and distal phalanx