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D. Hagman F2013 Modified by DYH Vibrio cholerae • • • • Gammaproteobacteria Gram-negative Comma-shaped Two circular chromosomes of DNA – Approximately 4 million base pairs combined • Single, polar flagella • Some strains cause cholera Electron micrograph image of a Vibrio cholerae bacterium by Leodotia Pope, of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Texas at Austin D. Hagman F2013 Modified by DYH Pathogenicity of V. cholerae • Enters digestive tract through consumption of contaminated water or food – Contaminant usually the feces of a person infected by V. cholerae • N-methylphenyl-alanine pili allows the bacterium to adhere to intestinal epithelium • Embeds itself in the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells • Secretes cholera toxin, a type III exotoxin – Neuraminidase spreading factor is also secreted to help cholera toxin bind to and penetrate the enterocytes, as it degrades neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide that holds the intestinal mucosa together – Cholera toxin stimulates the mucosa of the intestines to rapidly release fluids, causing vomiting and diarrhea which facilitates the transmission of the bacteria to other hosts – LD50 of the toxin is 250 μg/kg body weight • Untreated, death by dehydration is common