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Unit 9 THE SUN THE SUN (Pacing Days) Enduring Understanding: The origin and eventual fate of the Universe still remains one of the greatest questions in science. Gravity and energy influence the development and life cycles of galaxies, including our own Milky Way Galaxy, stars, the planetary systems, Earth, and residual material left from the formation of the Solar System. Humankind’s need to explore continues to lead to the development of knowledge and understanding of the nature of the Universe. A. Energy is involved in all physical and chemical processes. It is conserved, and can be transformed from one form to another and into work. At the atomic and nuclear levels energy is not continuous but exists in discrete amounts. Energy and mass are related through Einstein's equation E=mc2. B. The properties of atomic nuclei are responsible for energy-related phenomena such as radioactivity, fission and fusion. C. A working definition of matter is that it takes up space, has mass, and has measurable properties. Matter is comprised of atomic, subatomic, and elementary particles. D. Electrons are key to defining chemical and some physical properties, reactivity, and molecular structures. Repeating (periodic) patterns of physical and chemical properties occur among elements that define groups of elements with similar properties. The periodic table displays the repeating patterns, which are related to the atom's outermost electrons. Atoms bond with each other to form compounds. E. In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into one or more new products. Many factors shape the nature of products and the rates of reaction. F. Carbon-based compounds are building-blocks of known life forms on earth and numerous useful natural and synthetic products. G. Waves are the propagation of a disturbance. They transport energy and momentum but do not transport matter. Essential Questions (Used to guide daily instruction, with pacing indicated) What is the sun? What is the internal structure of the Sun? What surface features does the sun exhibit? How do different phenomena on the sun affect the Earth? What is the nature of the Sun’s magnetic field and it relationship to the various types of solar activity? SC.912.E.5.4 The student will be able to explain the physical properties of the Sun and its dynamic nature and connect them to conditions and events on Earth. The student will be able to describe the Sun as a medium-sized star with sunspots and storms that can affect weather and radio transmissions on Earth. The student will describe observable effects of the Sun on Earth, such as changes in light and temperature. The student will observe and recognize effects of the Sun on Earth, such as temperature changes. What is luminosity and how is it measured? What are sunspots? How do sunspots affect weather and radio transmissions on the earth? How do solar flares affect the earth? Why do we have seasons? How does the angle of light change on earth during different seasons and why? What causes different parts of the earth to have different temperatures? How does the sun affect earth’s temperatures (see climate above) What is nuclear fusion and nuclear fission? How does the sun produce its energy? How do atoms decay? What is half life? What are safety related issues related to nuclear power plants? What are the pros and cons of nuclear power SC.912.P.10.9 The student will describe the quantization of energy at the atomic level. SC.912.P.10.11 The student will be able to explain and compare nuclear reactions (radioactive decay, fission and fusion), the energy changes associated with them and their associated safety issues. The student will identify that atoms can be changed to release energy, such as in nuclear power plants, and recognize one related Honors Extension(s) plants? safety issue. The student will recognize that nuclear power plants generate electricity and can be dangerous. The student will recognize the universal symbols for radioactive and other hazardous materials. What are the universal symbols used for radioactive and other hazardous materials? What are alpha, beta, and gamma radiation? What energy changes are associated with the different types of radiation? What is the hydrologic cycle? How does heat get transferred through the water cycle and cause the changes in state of matter? SC.912.P.10.4 The student will be able to describe heat as the energy transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation, and explain the connection of heat to change in temperature or states of matter. What is unique about frozen water that allows life to continue on the earth? (ice rises/floats above water, allowing fish to live below it; if lakes froze from the bottom upward, then the ice would never thaw and life wouldn’t survive) What is radiation? What is conduction? What is convection? Which type of heat transfer does not require a medium? How does radiation from the sun travel to the earth? Where does the Earth get its heat to power the planet’s atmosphere, oceans, and life cycles? The student will relate the transfer of heat to the states of matter, including gases result from heating, liquids result from cooling a gas, and solids result from further cooling a liquid. The student will observe and recognize ways that heat travels, such as through space (radiation), through solids (conduction), and through liquids and gases (convection). The student will recognize the source and recipient of heat transfer. How is a Hertzsprung - Russell diagram constructed and used to identify stellar properties? What is the difference between luminosity and apparent brightness? How is stellar luminosity determined? How are stars classified according to their colors, surface temperatures, and spectral characteristics? How are physical laws used to estimate stellar distances? How can knowledge of a star’s spectroscopic properties lead to an estimate of its distance? How are stellar masses measured and how does mass relate to other stellar properties? SC.912.E.5.3 The student will describe and predict how the initial mass of a star determines its evolution. The student will be able to read and understand the relationships of color, temperature, luminosity and size on the H-R diagram.