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Transcript
Do Now—5.22.15 Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ? What are the four components of blood? What blood type do you have? What are the four types of blood people can have? Do Now—5.22.15 Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ? Connective tissue What are the four components of blood? RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma What blood type do you have? What are the four types of blood people can have? Do Now—5.22.15 Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ? Connective tissue What are the four components of blood? RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma What blood type do you have? What are the four types of blood people can have? Do Now—5.22.15 Is blood a cell, tissue, or organ? Connective tissue What are the four components of blood? RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma What blood type do you have? What are the four types of blood people can have? Type A, B, AB, and O Objective SWBAT determine proper and improper blood transfusion pairings. SWBAT predict blood genotypes using Punnett Squares and pedigrees. 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion Activity 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion Introduction Jane Doe is in the hospital recovering from a car crash. She needs blood, but the blood bank is extremely low. Members of her family have offered to donate, but none of them know their blood type. Jane’s brother Tom, sister Mary, mother Harriett, and Grandpa Ed (her mom’s father) are local and are all willing to be tested. Jane’s other sister Sue is away at college, but she is going to have her blood tested at school and have the results sent to the hospital. Jane’s father, John and Grandmother Mona (her mom’s mother) have passed away. Their blood types remain unknown. There are four types of human blood – type A, type B, type AB and type O. Only certain blood types are compatible with one another and can be safely transferred from person to person in a transfusion. In this activity, you will learn what controls blood type as well as what determines if your blood will “mix well” with that of another person’s. The body has an innate need to protect itself and if something foreign is introduced, it will attack. Blood Composition RBC—carry oxygen and carbon dioxide WBC—immunity Platelets—clotting Plasma—fluid that carries other components Blood Composition RBC—carry oxygen and carbon dioxide WBC—immunity Platelets—clotting Plasma—fluid that carries other components Blood Composition RBC—carry oxygen and carbon dioxide WBC—immunity Platelets—clotting Plasma—fluid that carries other components Blood Composition RBC—carry oxygen and carbon dioxide WBC—immunity Platelets—clotting Plasma—fluid that carries other components Blood Composition RBC—carry oxygen and carbon dioxide WBC—immunity Platelets—clotting Plasma—fluid that carries other components Blood Composition get a paper cut – describe what each component of blood would be doing at the injury site. You Blood Types Type A, B, AB, 0 Blood Types Blood Types Blood Types Blood Types the surface of the red blood cell. Blood type O does not have any antigens on the surface of the red blood cell. 1) What are the four different blood groups? ____________________________________ Blood Types Blood transfusions make it necessary to understanding the different antigens found on red blood cells. A blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from one person into another person’s circulatory system. Blood transfusions are useful when the recipient loses a large amount of blood due to trauma or surgery. For blood transfusions to work, the donated blood must match that of the recipient. If the blood is not matched, then the immune system of the recipient will attack the donated blood. O AB After birth, the immune system makes antibodies against the antigens not foundA, on theAB red blood cells. Antibodies are present on the B white blood cells. Below is a table A, AB containing information about antigens, antibodies and blood transfusions. Blood Type A B AB O Red Blood Cell Antigen A B A, B None Antibodies in Blood anti-B anti-A None anti-A, anti-B Receive Blood From O, A O, B O, A, B, AB O Donate Blood To A, AB B, AB AB O, A, B, AB Blood Type BLOOD TYPE CAN RECIVE BLOOD FROM A A, O B B, O AB A, B, AB, O O O AB = universal acceptor O = universal donor Blood Type Blood Types Blood Types AB Two Point Extra Credit Challenge Predict the blood type of each person using the following information: Bill can give blood to Joe, Mike, and Sue. Don can give blood to Bob but not Bill. Bob can give blood to Mike but not Joe. Tom can give blood to Kelly, Sue, Don, and Mike. Kelly can give blood to Sue and Bob, but not to Tom. Joe can give blood to Mike but not Bob or Sue. Mike can get blood from Sue and Bill, and give cannot blood to Joe. Joe does not have an A antigen. sister Sue is away at college, but she is going to have her blood tested at school and have the results sent to the hospital. Jane’s father, John and Grandmother Mona (her mom’s mother) have passed away. Their blood types remain unknown. There are four types of human blood – type A, type B, type AB and type O. Only certain blood types are compatible with one another and can be safely transferred from person to person in a transfusion. In this activity, you will learn what controls blood type as well as what determines if your blood will “mix well” with that of another person’s. The body has an innate need to protect itself and if something foreign is introduced, it will attack. 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion Anything that is foreign to the body and gets your immune system fired up is referred to as an antigen. Antibodies are proteins in blood and lymph that seek out and bind to specific antigens. These specialized proteins are one of the primary defenders in your body’s army of immunity. Your body contains tons of antibodies, each designed to target and destroy a specific antigen. Our red blood cells have antigens on their surface that act to identify the type of cell. A person with blood type A has A antigens on his/her red blood cells. What antigens do you think you would find on the red blood cells of a person with B blood? IGNORE Someone who has the A antigen on his/her blood cells would not have Anti-A antibodies circulating in his/her plasma, the liquid portion of blood. If he/she did, the Anti-A antibodies would find and attack the red blood cells marked with the A antigen. When this happens, the blood agglutinates or clumps. A person with the A antigen does, however, have circulating anti-B antibodies. These antibodies do not attack the red blood cells with the A antigen. But what if you introduced B blood cells into the system? In the lab, you will use the rules of antigen/antibody interactions and the presence of visible clumping to determine blood type. In this activity, you will type the simulated blood of your patient as well as the blood blood cells of a person with B blood? Someone who has the A antigen on his/her blood cells would not have Anti-A antibodies circulating in his/her plasma, the liquid portion of blood. If he/she did, the Anti-A antibodies would find and attack the red blood cells marked with the A antigen. When this happens, the blood agglutinates or clumps. A person with the A antigen does, however, have circulating anti-B antibodies. These antibodies do not attack the red blood cells with the A antigen. But what if you introduced B blood cells into the system? In the lab, you will use the rules of antigen/antibody interactions and the presence of visible clumping to determine blood type. 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion In this activity, you will type the simulated blood of your patient as well as the blood of her family members. You will analyze the results and use your knowledge of antigen/antibody interactions to determine who is a potential blood donor for Jane. Accurate blood typing is essential for safe blood transfusions. Using information from your blood typing tests, you will create a family pedigree for blood type and use information on this genetic family tree to determine the blood type of those you could not test. As you complete this task, you will learn about the interactions between antigens and antibodies, and you will review basic principles of genetics and inheritance. IGNORE Equipment © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Human Body Systems Activity 5.3.2 Transfusion Confusion– Page 1 access · · Computer with Internet WARD’S Simulated ABO and Rh Blood Typing Lab Activity kit o Simulated blood samples (Jane, Mary, Tom, Harriett and Ed) o Anti-A serum o Anti-B serum o Blood typing slides o Mixing sticks · · Laboratory journal Safety goggles Tom 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion Harriett Ed 7. Put on safety goggles. 8. Starting with Jane and working one sample at a time, place two drops of simulated blood in the A and the B wells of a clean blood typing slide. IGNORE 9. Place two drops of Anti-A serum in the well labeled A. 10. Place two drops of Anti-B serum in the well labeled B. 11. Using a separate mixing stick for each well, mix the simulated blood and antiserum for approximately ten seconds. 12. Carefully examine each well to see if the blood has clumped. If agglutination has occurred, place a “+” in the appropriate box in the table. Remember that you will only see agglutination if a specific antibody meets up with its specific antigen. Record your observations and use the information to determine blood type. 13. Using a fresh tray for each sample, repeat steps 7-11 to determine the blood type of the other family members. 14. Using information from the lab, determine who is able to donate blood to Jane. Note that Sue just called in to let everyone know that she is blood type O. Refer back to your initial table of blood types to help you decide. 15. Answer conclusion questions 2 and 3. 16. Note that blood typing results also reveal that everyone in the family is Rh positive (Rh+). Research what this means in terms of antigens on the red blood cells. Describe your findings in your laboratory journal. Part II: Genetics of Blood Type Record your observations and use the information to determine blood type. 13. Using a fresh tray for each sample, repeat steps 7-11 to determine the blood type of the other family members. 14. Using information from the lab, determine who is able to donate blood to Jane. Note that Sue just called in to let everyone know that she is blood type O. Refer back to your initial table of blood types to help you decide. 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion 15. Answer conclusion questions 2 and 3. 16. Note that blood typing results also reveal that everyone in the family is Rh positive (Rh+). Research what this means in terms of antigens on the red blood cells. Describe your findings in your laboratory journal. Part II: Genetics of Blood Type Remember that our chromosomes carry two alleles, or forms of a gene that provide the code for each of our traits. We receive one allele from Mom and one allele from Dad. Most traits are only coded for by two alleles, one that is dominant and one that is recessive. Blood type, however, is controlled by three different alleles – the A allele (usually designated IA), the B allele (usually designated as IB) and the O allele (usually designated as i). Remember that dominant alleles are usually represented with a capital letter and recessive alleles with a lower case letter. The A and the B allele are both dominant so we call them codominant. Neither allele wins out over the other and is expressed alone. The O allele is recessive and gets masked by either of the two dominant alleles. IGNORE 17. Note that phenotypes, traits we see, are controlled for by genotypes, the combination of alleles we inherit from our parents. You know that there are four different phenotypes for blood type (Type A, Type B, Type AB and Type O). Since each person has two alleles for each trait (one from Mom and one from Dad), what are the possible genotypes for each blood type? One of the genotypes for Blood Type A has been filled in for you. Note that this genotype is © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. Human Body Systems Activity 5.3.2 Transfusion Confusion– Page 3 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion considered homozygous. There are two of the same alleles. Note: There may be more than one possible genotype for a given blood type. o Blood Type A: IAIA IGNORE o Blood Type B: o Blood Type AB: o Blood Type O: 18. Review the possible genotypes with the class. 19. Remember that pedigrees are diagrams of family relationships that illustrate how a particular trait is passed from person to person. Review the structure of pedigrees at the following website: o Clinton Community College – Pedigree Analysis http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/B io%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Pedigree%20Analysis/PED IGREE.HTM 20. In your laboratory journal, draw a pedigree that shows the distribution of blood type in the Doe family. Remember that in a pedigree, men are represented by o Blood Type O: 18. Review the possible genotypes with the class. 19. Remember that pedigrees are diagrams of family relationships that illustrate how a particular trait is passed from person to person. Review the structure of pedigrees at the following website: 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion o Clinton Community College – Pedigree Analysis http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/B io%20101/Bio%20101%20Laboratory/Pedigree%20Analysis/PED IGREE.HTM 20. In your laboratory journal, draw a pedigree that shows the distribution of blood type in the Doe family. Remember that in a pedigree, men are represented by squares and women are represented as circles. Use the sites listed in Step 18 to find example pedigrees if you do not remember how they are structured. IGNORE 21. Write the name of the individual underneath each square or circle in the pedigree, and write the blood type inside of the shape. 22. Work with your partner to analyze your pedigree and to determine blood type for John and Mona. You did not test their blood, but the pedigree will give you many clues. You may be able to narrow it down to just one blood type or you may find that there is more than one possibility. That is OK – take it as far as you can. Describe your findings in your laboratory journal. 23. When you have determined the blood types for John and Mona, show your answer to your teacher and explain your reasoning. If you are correct, add the blood types to your pedigree. If you are incorrect, use clues your teacher gives you to work out the correct solution. 24. Answer the remaining conclusion questions. Conclusion 1. Explain why a person who has AB blood is considered the universal recipient. Why can this person receive any other blood type? Inheritance of Blood Types Blood Type Human Blood Type IA allele, IB allele, and i allele These alleles combine to make blood Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O (four phenotypes). BLOOD TYPE A B AB O GENOTYPE Let’s Stop and Think… What are the two allele combinations you can have for type A blood? – IAIA and Iai What are the two allele combinations you can have for type B blood? – IBIB and IBi Let’s Stop and Think… What is the only allele combination you can have for type AB blood? – IAIB What is the only allele combination you can have for type O blood? – ii Blood Type Human Blood Type IA allele, IB allele, and i allele These alleles combine to make blood Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O. BLOOD TYPE GENOTYPE A IA I A , IA i B IB I B , IB i AB IA IB O ii Which blood type are you if you have… AA – Type A blood BB – (IBIB) Type B blood AB – (IAIA) (IAIB) Type AB blood AO – Type A blood BO – (IBi) Type B blood OO – (IAi) (ii) Type O blood 5.3.2: Transfusion Confusion Name ___________________________________ Name: _______________________ Name ___________________________________ Date ___________________ P eriod _______ Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood DateTypes ___________________ Period _______ Inheriting Blood Types Blood type is an example of multiple alleles because there are more than two alleles for the trait. Inheriting Blood Types Genes/alleles determine our traits. A trait is a feature or quality based on genes. Traits are inherited from For blood type, thedetermine three alleles produce fourisphenotypes. blood type (phenotype) from the Genes/alleles our traits. A trait a feature or Each quality based Traits results aretoinherited from our parents. Inheritance means traits are passed down from one generation toon thegenes. next (parents children). our parents. Inheritance means traits are passed down from one generation to the next (parents to children). combination of two of the alleles, because every person can only have two alleles (one from mom and Dominant alleles mask (hide) or overpower the trait of the recessive allele. Recessive alleles are masked, orone Dominant alleles mask (hide) orwas overpower trait of the are masked, or covered whenever the dominant allele is the present. Genotype is born, theallele. genetic make upalleles (allele letters) an fromup, dad). Your blood type established before yourecessive were by Recessive genes inherited from your of mother covered up, whenever the dominant allele is present. Genotype is the genetic make up (allele letters) of an organism. Phenotype is the physical upis(appearance) of an organism. When alleles are the same andofboth and father. A blood or bloodmake group a classification oforganism. blood based on antigens thesame surface red organism. Phenotype is type the physical make up (appearance) of an When alleles areonthe recessive, then it is called homozygous recessive. When alleles are the same and both dominant, thenand it isboth called recessive, then itThis is called homozygous recessive. When alleles the samethe and both are dominant, then it is called blood cells. blood type has different alleles. homozygous dominant. When thegene alleles ofthree an organism are theare different, alleles called heterozygous. homozygous dominant. When the alleles of an organism are the different, the alleles are called heterozygous. Multiple alleles are when there are more than two alleles possible for a given gene. Each person still Multiple alleles A are when there are more than two alleles possible for a given gene. Each person still · alleles The I(one allele causes the A to be place on type the outside of the red blood cells. only gets two from mother, oneantigen from father). Blood is an example of multiple alleles because only gets two allelesB(one from mother, one from father). Blood type is an example of multiple alleles because there are more than two alleles for the trait. For blood type, the three alleles produce four phenotypes. Each · The allele causes thetrait. A antigen to betype, place the outside of the red blood cells. Each there are more thanItwo alleles for the For blood theonthree alleles produce four phenotypes. blood type (phenotype) results from the combination of of two of of the the alleles, alleles,because becauseevery everyperson personcan canonly onlyhave have blood type ·(phenotype) results from the combination The i allele cannot produce antigens, so two red type blood cells have no antigens. two alleles (one from mom and one from dad). Your blood was established before you were born, by genes two alleles (one from mom and one from dad). Your blood type was established before you were born, by genes 7) If the blood plasma had antibody A, what type of blood would the immune system inherited or blood blood group group isisaaclassification classificationofofblood bloodbased basedonon inheritedfrom fromyour yourmother motherand andfather. father. A A blood blood type type or attack? __________ antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This blood type gene has three different alleles. hasoftwo of these there arehas sixthree possible combinations antigens onEveryone the surface red copies blood cells. Thisgenes, bloodso type gene different alleles. of alleles (called 8) How are antibodies related to the A t ype of blood a person can receive? ___________ A B A · · The causes the placeand on the the Ioutside outside ofThe thered blood cells. genotypes). i allele is recessive to theto allele.of Iredallele and IB allele are coTheIThe IAallele allele causes the A A antigen antigen toI be beallele place on the the blood cells. _____________________________________________________________________ BB · · The IIeach allele causes the A to be place on the the outside ofthe thered red blood cells. The allele causes thealleles. A antigen antigen tothey be place on outside of blood dominant to other, which means are both equally expressed. The six cells. genotypes result in A single gene controls the ABO blood type system with three Twothat of the alleles A B ·antibody iallele allele cannot antigens, so red blood blood cells cells have haveno noantigens. antigens. dominant (I , Ihad ) and theThe third recessive. The gene encodes an enzyme 7)are If the blood plasma A, what type(i)ofisblood would produce the immune system · The i allele cannot produce antigens, so red four blood types (phenotypes): Type A, B, AB, and O. Fill in the Punnett square below to glycosyltransferase that possible modifies carbohydrates that make up the red blood cell antigens. attack? __________ A B copies of these genes, so there are six possible combinations of alleles (called has two Since there are two ofEveryone the dominant alleles, Itwo I genotype expresses codominance. Thethere are six possible combinations of alleles (called Everyone has copies of these genes, so 8)three How genotypes are antibodies related the phenotypes, t ype ofall bloodof aA,person can receive? ___________ demonstrate the possible genotypes for the B result in to four B, and O. Fill in the Punnett square genotypes). The isisAB, recessive to IIAA allele andblood the IIBtypes. allele.The TheIIAAallele alleleand andIBIBallele alleleare areco-dominant co-dominant genotypes). Thei iallele allele recessive to the the allele and the allele. below and then answer its corresponding questions. _____________________________________________________________________ to each other, which means that they are both equally expressed. The six genotypes result in four possible blood to each other, which means that they are both expressed. The six genotypes result in four possible blood A type systemB with three alleles. Two of the alleles A single gene controls the ABO blood Iallele I iencodes an enzyme are dominant types (IAtypes , IB) and(phenotypes): the third (i) is recessive. The gene Type A, B, AB, and O. Punnett squares illustrate all the possible combinations of alleles (phenotypes): Type A, B, AB,What and O.genotype(s) squares all phenotype the possibleType combinations of alleles anan wouldillustrate create the A? glycosyltransferase that modifies carbohydrates that make up the red blood cell antigens. A B offspring may receive from its genotypes of of the theoffspring. offspring.Fill Fillininthe thePunnett PunnettSquare Square offspring may receive from itsparents—the parents—the Since there are two of the dominant alleles, I I genotype expresses codominance. The possible genotypes Ain four phenotypes, A, B, AB, and O. Fill in the Punnett square three genotypes result I below to demonstrate all of the possible genotypes for the blood types. below to demonstrate blood types. below and then answer its corresponding questions. all of the possible genotypes Homework Blood Typing: Immunoassay (back of WS)—not accepted late Inheriting Blood Types WS—not accepted late Two point Extra Credit Challenge Q-graded by completion and accuracy— not accepted late