* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient to Modern Astronomy
Chinese astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Tropical year wikipedia , lookup
Rare Earth hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Astrobiology wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical astronomy wikipedia , lookup
International Year of Astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Lunar theory wikipedia , lookup
International Ultraviolet Explorer wikipedia , lookup
Formation and evolution of the Solar System wikipedia , lookup
History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses wikipedia , lookup
Extraterrestrial life wikipedia , lookup
Galilean moons wikipedia , lookup
Astronomical unit wikipedia , lookup
Celestial spheres wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Galileo affair wikipedia , lookup
History of astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Patronage in astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Copernican heliocentrism wikipedia , lookup
Timeline of astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Geocentric model wikipedia , lookup
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems wikipedia , lookup
Cosmogony: model of our place in the Universe Definition: is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects. Most of the reading you will be receiving will come from this website. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html Wandering Stars Website with Wandering Stars and Retrograde motion animation: • http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/Intro.html 1. Imaginary sphere around the Earth in which stars in space appear – It is not physical as the ancients believed! 2. Represents only the stars we can see with our eyes. And the are fixed (So no, planets, exoplanets, pulsars, other stars we can’t see, etc…) 3. Earth centered • Earth centered • 55 concentric crystalline spheres • Buffering spheres in between • Attached to one main sphere - Controlled by the Prime Mover • Each sphere rotated at a different rate • Orbits were in Uniform circular motion Beliefs of Aristotle and Ptolemy 1. All motion in the heavens is uniform circular motion. 2. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material, and cannot change their intrinsic properties (e.g., their brightness). 3. The Earth is at the center of the Universe. Apparent Motion of Planets on the Celestial Sphere Reading and Applet: • http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retro grade/retrograde.html Observation Issues 1. Retrograde Motion 2. Varying brightness of the planets Starry Night Pro Simulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSU5VwIQTNI&feature=related Retrograde Motion http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/appl ets/Retro/frame.html Handout: Retrograde motion (this handout is not available as digital copy. Please see Mrs. Carter for this handout) Another good retrograde motion simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=animations/renaissance/r etrograde.swf&movieid=retrograde&width=700&height=600&version=6.0.0 Geocentric Models: Aristotle and Ptolemy Aristotle: Epicycle http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/E veningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.ht m Ptolemy: Epicycle upon Epicycles http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/ retrograde/aristotle.html Ptolemy’s model of the orbit of Mars http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?file name=animations/renaissance/marsorbit.swf& movieid=marsorbit&width=825&height=550&ve rsion=6.0.0 Motions of Mercury and Venus Observations • Mercury and Venus were always close to the Sun Conclusions • The Spheres of Mercury, Venus and the Sun must be connected. SUNRISE Development of Modern Astronomy Copernicus Kepler Brahe Galileo Newton Einstein Ancient Astronomy From Ancient to Modern (Up to Newton) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMepqsmsbk Another video The Universe: Aristotle and Ptolemy Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGZdaOsuodQ&feature=relmfu The Copernican model: A Sun-Centered Universe (1543) New views of the heavens Copernican Heliocentric Universe • • • Sun Centered Stars do NOT revolve around the Earth Earth rotates in 24 hours But… Planets still have perfectly circular orbits and EPICYCLES ARE STILL NEEDED http://www.history.com/shows/theuniverse/videos/playlists/beyond-the-bigbang#beyond-the-big-bang-copernicus Retrograde motion and the varying brightness of planets in the Heliocentric Model: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/le ct/retrograde/copernican.html Copernicus determines Mars is beyond our orbit What time is it in this picture? Link to me: • Sun rise – 6:20 am • Sun set – 5:55 pm Length of Day ~ 11.5 hours When is the middle of the night? Aristotle's Common Sense Let’s see how much common sense you have: 1. Why don’t objects fly off the Earth as the Earth spins? 2. Why don’t we leave behind the birds, airplanes and satellites that are in the air as we orbit around the sun? 3. Why don’t we notice an apparent shift in position of the stars as we move around the sun? TRY THIS 1. Close one eye 2. Line your index finger up with this rectangle 3. Now switch eyes 4. Is your finger still lined up with the rectangle. 5. Switch back and forth between eyes. 6. Observe the apparent change in position of your finger. How does changing the distance your finger is from your eye affect the apparent shift in your fingers position? Basic Concept Comparison of Large and Small Angles Stellar Parallax simulation: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800: :600::/sites/dl/free/007299181x/78778/Paralla x_Nav.swf::Stellar%20Parallax%20Interactive Observed Parallax Aristarchus of Samos (310BC - 230BC) Link to the image to learn more about Aristarchus of Samos and his theory behind why the moon orbited the earth and the earth orbited the Sun. Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601) Danish Astronomer These instruments were able to measure parallax Instruments Observations of Tycho Brahe Precise observations of Mars’s position Reading: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/l ect/history/brahe.html NO OBSERVED PARALLAX – MUST NOT BE CLOSE BY! (This was something that changed!) Could not measure parallax for the stars! Tychonic Geo-Heliocentric Model Characteristics • The Moon and Sun orbited the Earth • The other planets orbited the Sun Link to animation http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/Hypotheses.html Drama Time It’s been said that maybe Kepler killed Brahe. Use the internet to research Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe to see what you can find about this rumor. Why hasn’t Hollywood made this movie yet!! Total Drama. All orbits are slightly eccentric All Planet Orbits The Earth is not always the same distance from the Sun Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion LAW 1: ALL PLANETS ORBITS ARE ELLIPSES Reading: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html Applet http://solarsystem.colorado.edu/home/highRes.html http://www.keplersdiscov ery.com/Elipse.html Ellipses One focus is the sun Aphelion – furthest point from the sun Perihelion – nearest point to the sun Major axis – long axis Minor axis – short axis Eccentricities Eccentricities: Bound & Unbound Orbits 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒= 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Describe how e changes as the focal distances axis increases. Describe how e changes as the focal distance decreases. Calculate the eccentricity of a • Line • Circle Planet Eccentricities Equal Areas in equal Times Kepler's Laws Animations Link with excellent animations: http://www.keplersdiscovery.com/AreaTime.ht ml Handout: Kepler's 2nd and 3rd Laws Review: http://schools.wikia.com/wiki/Newton's_Law_of_Universal_Gravitation#Kepler.27s_First_Law:_o n_Orbits Distances in the Solar System Read this article about the AU • http://www.iau.org/public/measuring/ Using the AU Calculating distances to the planets in Astronomical Units Galileo and the telescope Reading http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/aristotle_dyn amics.html Web link to Galileo Videos 1. http://www.history.com/shows/theuniverse/videos/playlists/beyond-the-big-bang#beyondthe-big-bang-galileo-galilei Galileo’s idea of Inertia 1. Inertia: tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity 2. Velocity is the change in an objects motion (either speed or direction) Galileo’s idea on Falling Objects Galileo’s Experiment Reenactment • replace Galileo’s Experiment on the Moon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L55jImEhNZ 0 Galileo's Observations Galileo used a telescope to make observations of objects that were too far or dim to see with the unaided eye. One of the Greatest Religious Debates in History Galileo and the Church 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAra0BV jJp4&feature=related 2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3X_OZq 7f70&feature=relmfu 3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsqHCnL Mz_A&feature=relmfu 4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebZxMjv Au8Y&feature=relmfu These observations include: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/scientists/galileo_galilei An imperfect Moon Moon through a Telescope like Galileo’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bPUvsgCEnU Moon Dance Video http://www.astro.washington.edu/IYA/lunar_librat ions.html Galileo's Observations Phases of Venus Phases of Venus According to the Geocentric Model http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=an imations/renaissance/ptolemaic.swf&movieid=ptolemaic &width=900&height=660&version=6.0.0 According to the Heliocentric model http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/loader.html?filename=an imations/renaissance/venusphases.swf&movieid=venusp hases&width=870&height=600&version=6.0.0 Galileo's Observations Moons around Jupiter http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsWMaAF0kmU Galileo’s Observations Ears on Saturn (it’s rings) http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/space_2/2585 749/are_saturns_rings_disappearing/ Galileo’s Observations Stars in the Milky Way FUN FRIDAY Carl Sagan on the history of Astronomy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEhDkKfkWo I&feature=fvsr