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Ecological Biogeography ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY Accounts for the present distributions in terms of interactions between organisms and their physical and biotic environments MARINE EVOLUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY R I TA C A STILH O Ecological Biogeography Ecological Biogeography Distributional patterns BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography Why is a species confined to its present range in space? Ecological Biogeography What roles do water, climate, latitude, topography and interactions with other organisms play in limiting its distribution? Ecological Biogeography What enables it to live where it does? What prevents it from expanding into another areas? Ecological Biogeography How do we account for the replacement of species as one moves from one environment to another? BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography Why are there more species in the tropics than in cooler environments? Ecological Biogeography What controls the diversity of organisms that is found in any particular region? Ecological Biogeography Short-term periods of time, with local, within-habitat, intracontinental questions, with species and subspecies living organisms. PATTERNS BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography No two species are identical in their patterns of distribution Ecological Biogeography Causes of pattern vary according to the taxonomic level Genus Family Ecological Biogeography Causes of patterns also vary with the spatial scale Ecological Biogeography Factors in patterns of distribution Geological history Climate Availability of food Chemistry of Environment Competition BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography 1 °C 3 °C 2 °C 4 °C Ecological Biogeography Spatial and temporal isolation leads to speciation Expected changes in the abundance of the cod stocks with a temperature increase above current levels. . Ecological Biogeography Ecological Biogeography BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Primarily coastal taxa have peaks of diversity in the western Pacific and show clear latitudinal gradients along the coasts of continents (Fig. a–g). X Primarily coastal taxa have peaks of diversity in the western Pacific and show clear latitudinal gradients along the coasts of continents (Fig. a–g). Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Primarily oceanic taxa tended to show pantropical or circumglobal distributions with diversity peaking at latitudes between 20° and 40° in all oceans (Fig. h–m). Tintensor et al. 2010 Ecological Biogeography Ecological Biogeography BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE SCALE Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE • Spatial and temporal dimension of sampling and observation – Extent: size of the study area or the duration of time under consideration – Grain: level of spatial resolution BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE Size of the study area Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE Level of spatial resolution Ecological Biogeography ● SCALE Duration 1 week 1 month 1 year BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography Schematic drawing showing the dominant space- and time-scales in the marine environment for physical processes and biological population Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY WHAT COMES TO OUR MIND? WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “A definition of biodiversity that is altogether simple, comprehensive, and fully operation (i.e., responsive to reallife management and regulatory questions) is unlikely to be found” Noss (1990) BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “The total variability of life on earth” (Heywood et al. 1995) Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “More useful than a definition, perhaps, would be a characterization of biodiversity that identifies the major components at several levels of organization” Noss (1990) Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “The variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur” OTA (1987) Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “The variability of life from all sources, including within species, between species, and of ecosystems” Whitaker and Fernandez-Palacios (2007). BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “... the variety of life and its processes; ... the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur.” Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY “Biodiversity, simply stated, is the total expression of life on Earth” Conservation International Keystone Center (1991) Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ● BIODIVERSITY BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Knowledge on global diversity must be established to appreciate the increasing extinction rate of species • Since there is no absolute idea on how many species existed in the first place, extinction rates are vaguely estimated • Little is known about extinction rates of microorganisms • We can rarely be sure that a species is actually lost, that no isolated members remain Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY WHAT do you measure? WHEN and WHERE do you measure it? DIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS HOW do you compare different types of measurement? BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY ● ers DIVERSITY iv d a y sit h p l A r e v i d a h Ecological Biogeography ity ✘ 2 2 Alp 2 2 2 2 2 The number of species per unit. The more species present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample. 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area. Ecological Biogeography ity ers lph iv d a A ● DIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ity ers Shannon-Wiener index (H) lph A Species richness (S) + iv d a ● DIVERSITY Shannon-Wiener index (H) H = -sum(Pilog[Pi]) Pi : abundance of a given species in a zone divided by the total number of species observed in that zone. 1.5 > H < 3.5 Proportion of each species within a zone (E) Relation between Evenness, Heterogeneity and Species richness: E = H/log(S) H = E/log(S) http://www.pisces-conservation.com/sdrhelp/index.html?shannonw.htm BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ity ● ers iv d Sample a h p l A Species 1 Species 2 Species 1 1 99 1 0 2 50 50 0 3 33 33 33 Sample S E H 1 2 0.08 0.056 2 2 1 0.693 3 3 1 1.098 Ecological Biogeography ity ● ers iv d a Number of species H1 H2 H3 Environmental gradient Ecological Biogeography ity ers ● DIVERSITY iv d a h p l A Distribution of the numbers of individuals among the species counted Beta diversity DIVERSITY Changing levels of alpha diversity along an environmental gradient that creates a series of different habitats (H1, H2, H3) reflect beta diversity (average number of species in different habitats). t Be DIVERSITY To what extent do species turnover between different sites or along a gradient? Ecological Biogeography ity ers ● DIVERSITY iv d a t Be ? low alpha (1 species per box) low beta (1 type of box) low alpha (1 species per box) high beta (3 different boxes) high alpha high alpha (3 species per box) (3 species per box) high beta low beta (3 different boxes) (1 type of box) BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 y Ecological Biogeography sit er iv d a m m a DIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY Rate of species change with distance in the same habitat (geographical replacement of species = gamma diversity) Number of species G ● Distance across landscape in the same habitat Ecological Biogeography ● DIVERSITY Alpha-diversity Measured locally, at a single site. Number of species in a local homogenous community. Beta-diversity Measures the uniqueness; the difference between two sites. Species distributions among different habitats. Gamma-diversity Measured over a large scale, same concept as alpha-diversity. Number of species in a region where there are no barriers to dispersal BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES NUMBER OF SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES The taxon with the largest biomass on Earth: ANTS “The world is a living tissue of ants with minor infestations of trees, birds, and humans. The ants see humans as big slabs of animated but not very well defended food. The ability to move, far from being a deterrent, serves a guarantee of freshness. We are at the bottom of the food chain.” Neal Stephenson (1999) Cryptonomicon What could be inferred about the work of the Creator from a study of His works? That he has an inordinate fondness for beetles! J. B. S. Haldane BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography Group Approximate numbers of species in major groups (UNEP, Global Biodiversity Assessment, 1995) No. of described species ● Estimated total no. of species SPECIES Viruses 4 000 400 000 1 4 000 1 000 000 0.4 4.8 Fungi 72 000 1 500 000 Protozoa 40 000 200 000 20 Algae 40 000 400 000 10 Plants 270 000 320 000 84.4 Nematodes 25 000 400 000 6.2 Crustaceans 40 000 150 000 26.7 Arachnids 75 000 750 000 10 Insects 950 000 8 000 000 11.9 Mollusks 70 000 200 000 35 Vertebrates 45 000 50 000 90 Others 115 000 250 000 46 Totals 1 750 000 13 620 000 12.8 ● ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES % Described Bacteria Ecological Biogeography Ecological Biogeography SPECIES BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Why is biodiversity important to biogeography? BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES The Census produced the first all-taxon maps of global marine species using the distributions of more than 65,000 species from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● SPECIES Ecological Biogeography CORAL TRIANGLE Ecological Biogeography ● CORAL TRIANGLE Ecological Biogeography ● CORAL TRIANGLE BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015 Ecological Biogeography ● CORAL TRIANGLE Ecological Biogeography PATTERNS SCALE WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY DIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS NUMBER OF SPECIES CORAL TRIANGLE END BEMO_T03_Ecological.key - 12 February, 2015