* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download By Ariella, Emmy, and Gabi
The Jewel of Medina wikipedia , lookup
Islamic monuments in Kosovo wikipedia , lookup
Islamic democracy wikipedia , lookup
Sources of sharia wikipedia , lookup
LGBT in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamofascism wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
International reactions to Fitna wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Islam in South Africa wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Spread of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic–Jewish relations wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Somalia wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Afghanistan wikipedia , lookup
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Hindu–Islamic relations wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic culture wikipedia , lookup
Islam By Ariella, Emmy, and Gabi The Hearth and Origin of Islam • Makka (Mecca) – Modern Day Saudi Arabia • Early 7th century CE, teachings going back 1500 years • All universalizing religions trace origins to the first man, Adam, and descendent, Abraham • Abraham married Sarah, then married Hagar, bearing a son, Ishmael • Sarah then bore Isaac and banished Hagar and Ishmael • Muslims follow the story of Hagar and Ishmael • Muhammad was Ishmael’s descendent, born in Makka-570 CE, then the founder of Islam • At age 40, Muhammad had his first revelation from God through the angel, Gabriel • Muhammad migrated from Makka(Mecca) to Yathrib (Medinacity of the prophet), since God commanded him to after his sufferings Effects of beliefs, traditions and practices from natural environment • In Islam concerns for environment conservation are based on the belief that God created everything in the universe including the earth and all life forms. • Muslims believe that god created humans to be his rulers on his behalf—to look after the planet and manage it in the best possible way. • Surah 6:165 translation states: “It is he who has appointed you viceroys in the earth…that he may try you in what he has given you” (Arbery). • Qur’an interpreted as stating that God allows human beings to enjoy everything necessary to satisfy their desires, such as food, clothing, housing, transport and every other ornament or means of enjoyment-but with balance and moderation and no excess or overuse. Diffusion of Islam • Muhammad’s followers organized into armies • Increased area where Islam was practiced over North Africa, Asia, and Europe • After Muhammad’s death the armies took over Palestine, the Persian Empire, and most of India • Muslims forcefully converted Non-Arabs from lands they captured to Islam through intermarriage • Muslims captured North Africa and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar • Maintained power of western Europe (present day Spain) until 1492 • Christians took over western Europe, and Muslims took over southeastern Europe and Turkey • Muslim missionaries brought Islam to Sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia Map of Diffusion of Islam How was Islam altered due to its diffusion? • After the prophet Muhammad's death in 632 Islam became divided into two branches: The Shiites and The Sunnis. • Disagreement over the line of succession in Islamic religion caused this split. • Shiites comprise only 16% of the Muslim population. Most Shiites live in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq. • Sunnis comprise 83% of the Muslim population. Sunnis practice a more orthodox form of Islam than the Shiites. • Sunnis are the largest branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East and Asia. ` Divisions’ Effect on Distribution • All branches' distributions – Europe-5% – France-4 million • Legacy of immigration from predominantly Muslim former colonies in North Africa – Germany-3 million • Legacy of immigration from Turkey – Southeast Europe, Albania, Bosnia and Serbia-2 million Muslims in each • Shiites branch – 16% of Muslims are Shiites – Iran-30% – Pakistan-15% – Iraq-10% – 90% of Iran’s population Sunni branch – 83% of Muslims are Sunnis • Hajj How does Islam change place to place? • Hajj- "set out for place". • pilgrimage to Kaaba in Makkah(Mecca) • responsibility of physically and financially able Muslims • once in a lifetime • 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah (the 12th and the final month of the Islamic calendar) • symbol of unity • from all over the world • brings all the Muslims on one platform Hearth vs. State Religion Population How does Islam change place to place? • Saudi Arabia – Governs citizens personal, political, economic and legal lives – 100% – Hearth • Brunei – 67% – Shafeite sect – State Religion – Required class in schools (even Christian) – No Religious Freedom Islam in the United States How does Islam change place to place? • Brought by migrants in 1800’s • Less emphasis on strict observance of mosque functions • Adapted to fit Christian church schedule • Hard to avoid American culture – Immodest dress – Alcohol • Majority of non-immigrant Muslims in US are African Americans, whom were not accepted Christians How Islam Affects Cultural Landscape • Mosques can be found more frequently in places with higher dominance of Islamic religion • Mosques may be found in larger cities of Muslim dominance • This includes the Middle East, North and Central America, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia • A minaret -a tower where a man (muzzan) stays to summon people to worship, like in present day Saudi Arabia • Rural villages have simpler structures as islamic places for prayer How Islam Organizes Space • Every community of Muslims has a mosque dedicated to prayer. • Building materials and design depend on the culture, heritage, and resources of each Muslim community. • The Central area for prayer is called a musalla-“place for prayer”. No furniture is needed. Most worshippers sit, kneel, and bow on the floor. There are book shelves along the walls which hold copies of the Qur’an, rugs, and other religious materials. • Men and Women are separated and do not pray together. • The Mihrab is an ornamental indentation in the wall of a mosque which marks the direction of the Qiblah. Conflicts Between Other Religions or Cultures Through Interaction • Muslims are prone to discrimination due to historical and political factors and the media • Many Muslims either leave a location (hijira) or fight (jihad) against discrimination • Differences/conflicts between Shiites and Sunnis started from disagreement of Muhammad’s successor/the line of Islamic succession • Sufism, the inner, mystical, psycho-spiritual dimension of Islam is controversial whether it is actually Islam or it’s own religion • Wahhabism is a strict form of Islam (Sunni branch) forcing literal interpretation and following of the Qur’an Hijrah, Hegira, Hejira, Hijra Conflicts • Muhammad- prophet, based his life on Islam. • Grew up in Mecca and began to preach there in the 600’s • Aroused the people with polytheistic views, because of his monotheistic beliefs • Muhammad left Mecca to avoid persecution and to run a community • Migrated to Yathrib – – – – 622 C.E. Had followers there 200 miles north of Mecca al-Madinat al-Nabi or Medina • Mecca and Medina are the two holiest cities in Islam. Globalization • • • • discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938; resulting wealth modern travel the pilgrimage to Mecca has changed wealthy pilgrims – private or commercial jets, air-conditioned BMWs, Hilton Hotel, airconditioned underground tunnels • Billboards – McDonald’s • pilgrims who save for many years to make the once-in-alifetime trip – the sacredness of the rituals/sites and the kinship of believers outweigh the commercialization that crops up along the route • "Islam." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Jan. 2011 • Tomek,Vladimir."Environmental Concerns. Muslim Response". Religious Tolerance. 27 August 2006. Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 • Amin, Hussein. "Origin of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam". Islam For Today. 2001. Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 • Huba. "Islam Mosque Architecture". About. 1998. Wed. 12 Jan. 2011 • Amery, Hussein. "3. Islam and the Environment". International Development Research Center. Wed. 12 Jan.2011 • "Islam." Brittanica Academic Edition. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2011. <http:// www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam/69160/ Origins- natureand-significance-of-Islamic-theology>. • Rubenstein, James M. "Religion." 1996. An Introduction to Human Geography. Vol. 9. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. 180-216. Print. 10 vols. • "Hijrah." WorldBookOnline.com. World Book Online, 2011. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. <http://worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar724664&st=hejira>. • Ahmed, Akbar S. Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1999. Print Bibliography Questions • What are the differences or conflicts between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam? • Why is the population of Muslims higher in Saudi Arabia then in Brunei, where it is the official religion?