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Apparent Magnitude: how bright a star is as seen from Earth, depends on star’s actual brightness and distance from Earth Absolute Magnitude: how bright a star actually is, with no regard to distance Magnitude of Common Celestial Objects Object Apparent Magnitude Absolute Magnitude Sun -27 5 Full Moon -13 n/a Sirius -1.5 1.4 Rigel .1 -7.0 Betelguese .9 -6.0 The faintest stars visible to the naked eye have an apparent magnitude in the range of 3-4. Stellar Evolution Ancient White Dwarf Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy Stars differ in: Temperature Size/mass Magnitude Elements Color Age Age of a star affects the temperature, size/mass, and magnitude! H-R Diagram: shows the relationship between a star’s absolute magnitude and temperature Hot Stars are brighter… Giants are cool, but bright because of their size. White dwarfs are very hot but dim. They are the oldest stars. Most Stars are on the Main Sequence. While cool stars are dimmer. http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/star_life/support/HR_animated.swf Star Evolution Nebula/Nebulae A large cloud of gas and dust in space that may become the beginning of a star The clouds of gas and dust exert a gravitational force on each other and the nebula begins to contract Star Forming Area in Eagle Nebula Star Evolution Red Giant A star that has become redder and brigher as it nears the end of its life Temperature between 3,100 and 5,800 degrees Fahrenheit Red Giant Monocerotis Star Evolution White Dwarf When a star uses up its supply of helium, it contracts and the outer layers escape into space, leaving a hot, dense core Approximately the size of Earth Does not lie on the main sequence, is hot, but dim Faint White Dwarf Stars in Globular Cluster NGC 6397 Star Evolution Supernova Can only occur if the star has become a supergiant When a star’s core collapses, the outer portion explodes Becomes either a black hole or a neutron star (depending on mass of original star) The Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant Star Evolution Neutron Star A supernova that shrinks to about 10-15 km in diameter The core becomes so dense that only neutrons can exist there The final stage in the life cycle of some stars Star Evolution Black Holes An object so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field Dust Disk around Black Hole in Galaxy NGC 4261 Star Evolution Black/Brown Dwarfs A white dwarf that has cooled down enough that it no longer produces light from the heat Have a low mass Often referred to as failed stars Star Catalogues M = Messier objects Objects first listed by a French astronomer, Charles Messier, in 1774. 110 Objects Total Star Catalogues Andromeda Galaxy, NGC 224/M 31 NGC = New General Catalogue Compiled in the 1880’s by J.L.E. Dreyer Total of 7,840 objects Largest comprehensive catalog of deep sky objects Sculptor Galaxy, NGC 253 Star Catalogues Supplement to the NGC published in 1895 Catalogs 5,387 galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters Irregular Galaxy IC10 IC 4406 (Planetary Nebula)