* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download P4 - ethical $ moral issues
Survey
Document related concepts
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism containment and escape wikipedia , lookup
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified food wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
History of biotechnology wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism wikipedia , lookup
Stem-cell therapy wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Stem cell controversy wikipedia , lookup
Somatic cell nuclear transfer wikipedia , lookup
Stem cell laws and policy in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
P4 - Report on Moral and Ethical issues related to scientific development Scientific development Benefits 1 Animal testing Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human use, and other biomedical, commercial, and healthcare uses. Animals themselves benefit from the results of animal testing. if vaccines were not tested on animals, millions of animals would have died from diseases. 2 Using children in research clinical trials Clinical trials are conducted in the hopes of finding new, more effective treatments to give children better quality of life and they're often very promising. Some clinical trials test the effects of potential new drugs, therapies, vaccines, vitamins, or procedures. These types of trials, called randomized, controlled clinical trials, try to find the best treatment with the fewest side effects. They begin only after preliminary research has been conducted and there is reason to believe that a potential new treatment is effective. All clinical trials are voluntary and information collected during them is confidential. Participants can withdraw from a trial at any time, for any reason. Moral and Ethical issues Lot of debate is being going on whether using animals in research is’’ right or wrong?’’. This is because animals are kept in captivity or killed after their use. It is considered to be ethical as It helps researchers to find drugs some religious treat animals to be and treatments to improve health sacred. Some people don't and medicine. E.g. vaccines, support animal testing for antibiotics, insulin. cosmetic use but they support its use in developments of new drugs Alternative methods of testing do and medicine. not stimulate humans in the same Some substances tested on way. Animals are considered to be animals sometimes never receive similar to humans. This helps approval of public consumption. researchers I recognising Many view this as a major limitations to improve medicines. negative. This helps to ensure safety of drugs before using on humans. This gives many families get a deep sense of satisfaction from the knowledge that their child is contributing to the development of better treatments for his or her illness. Using children in clinical trials raise ethical issues whether it is safe to use children in research. This is because the new drugs, therapies, or treatments used in a trial might not be as effective as current treatment options or may not work at all. There is also a risk of potential side effects, all of which may or may not be known at the time of the trial. This could lead to complications or affect the child's health. It also disturbs child’s day to day activities due frequent visit to the clinic for monitoring. 3 Genetically Modified Crops GM crops are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. There is broad scientific consensus that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food. GM crops also provide a number of ecological benefits. By producing and yielding GM crops, the growth and quick availability of it can feed the worlds huge increasing population in the coming decades. A key ethical concern about GM foods is safe to be eaten. As it have a potential to trigger allergies or disease in humans. There is also the fear that new allergies could occur from the mixing of genes from two organisms. It concludes in relation to the issue of 'unnaturalness' that GM modification does not differ to such an extent from conventional breeding that it is in itself morally objectionable. Groups such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund have concerns that risks of GM food have not been adequately identified and managed, and have questioned the objectivity of regulatory authorities. 4 Embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro— vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body. Use of this method is termed as a major ethical moral issue in the society. Embryonic stem cells are thought to be potential cures for spinal cord, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, cancer etc. This is one of the most talked topics of today. One of the moral issues is that some people believe that destruction of fertilized human egg to be the murder of It helps researchers and scientist human life. Because they believe to understand the development of human life begins at conception human tissues and organs and the and destruction of pre-born life is growth and treatment of diseases. morally unacceptable. Hence, it is regarded as the Some believe insufficient greatest potential to cure human attention is given to explore the suffering since the advent of potential of adult stem cells as it antibiotics. already has been successfully cure many diseases. some also argue To create children with process of that too little attention is paid to Cloning will help parents with umbilical cord blood for stem cell difficulty in conceiving as this research and that no cures haven enable them to create children been yet produced by embryonic with genetically related. stem cell therapy. 5 Cloning Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue Cloning will help parents with difficulty in conceiving as this enable them to create children with genetically related. The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning and its legality. Organisms could be cloned with the desired traits for research purpose specifically as this will help to reduce ethical issues and other cons of using animals in research. Endangered species can be saved from extinction by cloning. Cloning could lower healing and recovery after traumatic injury with their own cells faster and easier without complications. While cloning body organs is a great asset to extending human life, it could also cause a lot of malpractice. This is because the ability to clone desired traits, there could be the possibility of people deliberately reproducing undesired traits. This could lead to a rise in malpractices within society. Being a process of creating identical genes, there would be a lack of diversity in humankind. Scientists believe this lack of diversity will lower the human race’s ability to adapt. This is negative feedback for future research. Hence, some scientists are against this idea. References – all accessed on November 31, 2014 1. http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/using-animals-testing-pros-versus-cons.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing 2. http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/clinical_trials.html#a_Weighing_Pros_and_Cons 3. http://www.geneticallymodifiedfoods.co.uk/ethical-concerns-gm-foods.html 4. http://usliberals.about.com/od/stemcellresearch/i/StemCell1_2.htm 5. https://www.udemy.com/blog/pros-and-cons-of-cloning/ http://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/Secondary/Science/BTECAppliedScience/BTECLevel3Na tionalAppliedScience/Samples/StudentBook/BTECLevel3NationalAppliedScienceStudentBookUnit5.pdf