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WHAP Unit 1 Chapter 2 Reading Guide /126 Name: Date: Hour: Read Chapter 2 and Identify the following: Civilization: Complex societies, urban-based societies, state-organized societies; have cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, writing/record keeping, advanced technology Sumer: First civilization, in Mesopotamia Epic of Gilgamesh: Most famous literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, tells of one man’s quest for immortality Code of Hammurabi: Series of laws by King of Babylon, first written law code Patriarchy: “rule of the father”, social system of male dominance Key Concept 1.2 State: Political unit, centralized, coordinated, regulated, adjudicated, militarized Logophonetic: Using symbols to designate both whole words and particular sounds or syllables Cuneiform: Writing of Mesopotamia in which wedge-shaped symbols are pressed into clay Hebrews: Monotheist group from Mesopotamia, had law code, migrated to Palestine and later Egypt Hieroglyphs: Writing in which pictures represent words, Egyptian writing Hyksos: Invaders of Egypt, brought about end of Middle Kingdom, chariots Mandate of Heaven: The gods choose the rulers, ruler has authority of the gods in China Pharaoh: God/king of Egypt, “the palace”, used during the New Kingdom of Egypt Phoenicians: Mediterranean civilization, known for sailing, alphabet, purple dye Quipu: Record-keeping system of the Inca early Andean Ziggurat: Step pyramid created in Mesopotamia 2 each /32 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies I. The Neolithic Revolution D. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create water control systems needed for crop production. Irrigation systems Oxus=irrigation agriculture Needed more farm land-clear land Break up soil (till) Terracing E. These agricultural practices (B, C, D) drastically impacted the environment. Soil erosion, overworking the soil deforestation overgrazing II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. D. Hierarchical and patriarchal social structures With specialization of labor, social classes formed. Leaders and elites emerged in the state and in social hierarchy. First civs were male dominated although Egypt seemed to be a little more favorable for women (business). Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies I. Core and foundational civilizations (List and describe location) Sumer in Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates, Egypt in Nile River Valley, Norte Chico (coastal) and Early Andean(Chavin) in modern-day Peru, Indus River Valley (Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa), China (Xia, Shang, Zhou) on Yellow or Huang He, Central Asia or Oxus in modern Afghanistan, Olmec in Mesoamerica II. The first states emerged within core civilizations. A. Types of rule, rulers B. States grew and competed for land and resources C. Early regions of expansion or empire building D. New Weapons and modes of transportation III. Culture unified states A. Monumental architecture and urban planning B. Arts and artisanship C. Record keeping D. Legal Codes China: Mandate of Heaven, Son of Heaven, dynastic cycle Babylon: Hammurabi Some rulers ruled by divine power/right or was backed by military Authoritarian Mesopotamia: priests,warrior kings over cities, then empire building Egypt: Pharaohs, god/king, old/middle/new kingdom, theocracy Indus: no real evidence to prove political structure Hereditary rule, dynasties Coordinated labor Olmec spread influence by force Started empires Need materials/resources not available in their land Mesopotamia grew: villagers moving to cities due to invasion Egypt grew, united (Upper and Lower) and expanded in Nile Valley, Egypt into Nubia, Hyksos into Egypt Akkadians (Sargon), Babylonians, Assyrians Captives absorbed into new empire/blending of cultures Compound bows, Iron weapons, chariots, horseback riding, traps, daggers, swords, metal used in weapons China-Bronze chariots, weapons for the wealthy not poor—used wood Fish nets Bronze swords, spears, axes, shields, armor, knives Plows Wheel Ships Indus: Elaborate planned cities in Mohenjo-Daro/Harappa but no elaborate architecture, plumbing Oxus: fortified centers Mesopotamia: ziggurats, defensive walls Egypt: pyramids and tombs, temples, Sphinx, tied to astronomy Streets and roads Sewage and water systems Olmec: Big Heads, pyramids, giant jaguar temple China: walls Cotton textiles in Andean Jewelry, statues (Olmec big heads) Sculpting, painting, wall decorations, elaborate weaving Pottery Cuneiform-first written language Early Indus River Valley had undeciphered written language, pictographic China: oracle bones Egypt: Hieroglyphics Andean: Quipu Olmec: had signs that represent sounds, linked to later Mayan writing Hebrews-Ten Commandments Mesopotamia: Babylon—Hammurabi’s Code, first written E. Religion F. Expansion of trade G. Social and gender hierarchies H. Literature Edicts from leader/ruler Hebrews: monotheism Olmec: ritual bloodletting, priests Andean: polytheistic, Chavin cult Mesopotamia: ceremonial, polytheistic, ziggurats Indus: trees and animals were sacred, fertility important, polytheistic (Indra) Egypt: Polytheistic, Pharaohs were living gods (short-lived monotheistic), mummification China: polytheistic, ancestor worship, son of heaven Olmec: trade linked them with other Mesoamericans Andean: trade from coast to mountain, traded silver, gold and copper Indus: traded much with Mesopotamia Egypt: along the Nile, into Mediterranean Indus RV: not sure, maybe ruled by priests, early form of caste system, wealthy had bathrooms Egypt: patriarchal but women had more rights than in other civilizations, pharaohs at the top and farmers at the bottom, Queen Hatshepsut Commoners labored for the elite in Olmec civilization Special tombs for leaders in Olmec China: king on top Olmec: kings and ruling families on top of society Mesopotamia: Epic of Gilgamesh Egypt: Book of the Dead /80 Map: On the map, draw in and label all of the “First Civilizations” discussed in this chapter.