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SPAN 1101 Food and Religion Major Religions of the World What does religion mean to you? What does religion have to do with food? Numbers Christianity: 1.9 billion people Islam: 1.1 billion Hinduism: 800 million Buddhism: 325 million Judaism: 13 million Hinduism Hinduism Hinduism includes a very wide range of beliefs and practices, so there aren't many things that are common to all Hindu groups Hinduism has no founder, no single book of faith, no creed, and no single source of authority (such as Jesus) Hinduism is very individualistic but a big part of a person’s everyday life For many Hindus, religion is a matter of practice rather than of beliefs. It's more what you do than what you believe. Behind Hindu practice is the belief that every soul is trapped in a cycle of birth-deathrebirth(reincarnation). Every Hindu wants to escape from this cycle. Hindus aim to live in a way that will cause each of their lives to be better than the life before. Whether one is reborn into a better life, a worse life, or even to live as an animal, depends on Karma, which is the value of a soul's good and bad deeds. Hindu Beliefs All good things in life are gifts from God Finding out what your life’s calling is as Dharma suggest/requires is a very important goal Being a fair and decent person is very important Wealth, power and material belongings are good goals as long as they don’t become all important Moksha is the ultimate goal Hindu Gods One would think Hinduism is polytheistic. Most Hindus would say they worship one God. There is only one ultimate God, Brahman, but shows itself in many forms The gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, for example, are different aspects of Brahman: Brahma reflects God's divine work of creating the universe Vishnu reflects God's work in keeping the universe in existence Shiva reflects God's work in destroying it FOOD Meat was not originally prohibited, but many Hindus today regard vegetarianism as a way to maintain the respect observed for life. Hinduism is characterized by the avoidance of the killing of any animal, the cleansing of those involved in food preparation, which is a reflection on previously existing caste-restricted practices, and the symbolism of certain foods. The cow is held in high regard as a symbol of abundance and so it is not eaten by Hindus, yet products such as milk, butter and yogurt may be eaten. Some Hindus fast on selected days as a mark of respect to certain gods. Buddhism Founded in India around 500 BC by Siddhartha Guatama Became Buddha, the Enlightened One, when he was 29 He was trying to find the true meaning of life and eventually, through four trancelike stages of meditation, he was enlightened to the Buddhist was of life His main teachings was to eliminate human wants as they are the cause of suffering in the world Buddhism has no unique creed, no single authority and no single sacred book Buddhism focuses on each individual seeking to attain enlightenment Key beliefs and values are contained in "The Four Noble Truths“ 1. Life means suffering 2. The origin of suffering is attachment to worldly things 3. The end to suffering is attainable through eliminating physical wants/needs Eventually can achieve Nirvana(no wind) Nirvana means freedom from all worries and troubles Eight Fold Path 1. Right View 2. Right Intention Think and do the right things at all times 3. Right Speech To see and view things as they really are Attained true wisdom Do not lie, curse, slander, or gossip 4. Right Action Do not harm yourself or others, do not steal, and no sexual misconduct Food Buddhism considers living beings to be sacred. Violence towards animals is considered to translate into human aggression; hence most Buddhists will keep to the principle of ahimsa (non-violence or harmlessness) and avoid all foods related to processes where harm was done. Widely practiced vegetarianism and veganism. Some Buddhists avoid meat and dairy products while others avoid only meat. Buddhists also avoid the consumption of alcohol. Monks and nuns of this religion fast in the afternoon and rely on ‘alms’ or donations of food. They are not allowed to cultivate, store or cook their own food. Shintoism Early Japanese Religion, still practiced today Ancestors become “kami” or supernatural spirit Okuninushi, Master of the Great Land, is a saint of rice wine brewing. The Emperor shares new rice with Shinto deities Homes contain altars to kamis which are given fresh food and drink each day. Judaism Judaism Is a monotheistic religion Judaism is the oldest and smallest of the world's five great religions Being a part of a Jewish community and living one's life according to Jewish law and traditions is very important. The fundamental beliefs of Judaism are: -There is a single, all-powerful God, who created the universe and everything in it. -God has a special relationship with the Jewish people due to covenant that God made with Moses on Mount Sinai, 3500 years ago. Rambam’s 13 Principles of Faith 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. G-d exists G-d is one and unique G-d is incorporeal G-d is eternal Prayer is to be directed to G-d alone and to no other The words of the prophets are true Moses’ prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets The Written Torah (first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah were given to Moses There will be no other Torah G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of men G-d will reward the good and punish the wicked The Messiah will come The dead will be resurrected The Jewish place of worship is called a Synagogue The religious leader of a Jewish community is called a Rabbi Unlike leaders in many other faiths, a rabbi is not a priest and has no special religious status The Jewish holy day, or Sabbath(Shabbat), starts at sunset on Friday and continues until sunset on Saturday During the Sabbath, Jews do not work(drive, cook, etc) 7 Holy Days Rosh Hashanah-Jewish New Year TODAY: Yom Kippur-A day of fasting and praying which occurs 10 days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah. The holiest day in the year Sukkot-8 day festival of thanksgiving Hanukkah-The Feast of Lights is an 8 day Feast of Dedication. It recalls the war fought by the Maccabees in the cause of religious freedom Purim-The Feast of Lots recalls the defeat by Queen Esther of the plan to slaughter all of the Persian Jews, circa 400 BC Pesa(Passover)-The 8 day festival recalls the exodus of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt circa 1300 BCE. A holiday meal, the Seder, is held at home Shavouth-Pentecost recalls God's revelation of the Torah to the Jewish people Kosher Foods Foods are kosher when they meet all criteria that Jewish law applies to food Characteristics that make a food nonkosher: the mixture of meat and milk the use of cooking utensils which had previously been used for non-kosher food The type of animal it is Leviticus 11:3 says that Jews may eat all animals that have cloven hooves and chew their cud Leviticus 11:4 explicitly prohibited the consumption of animals that do not have these characteristics designating them "unclean to you." Six mammals are specifically not allowed: The camel The hyrax The hare The pig Whales and dolphins Kosher animals are as follows: Cows, goats, sheep, antelope, deer, giraffes, okapis and pronghorns Most fish(excluding shellfish, sharks, octupus, eels and squid) Chicken, duck, turkey Milk and cheese are kosher but cannot be eaten with meat or mixed with meat. Preparation the slaughter of animals is designed to minimize the pain— usually done by a slice across the throat this eliminates the practice of hunting for food unless it can be captured alive and ritually slaughtered. All blood and veins must be removed from meat(salting and broiling are common methods) Christianity Christianity Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ Originated in Palestine in the 1st century AD Believe that Jesus was the son of God who came and died for people’s sins and then rose so that all people could be saved Believe in one God(monotheistic) who created the universe and all things in it Christianity originally developed as a part of Judaism Christian Way of Life Fellowship with God Our relationships with others Obedience to God's commands Discipline Ten Commandments Important Days Ash Wednesday-Lent Palm Sunday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Easter Ascension Pentecost Advent Christmas Epiphany Food Food regulations differ from one Christian denomination or group to another, with some groups not observing any restrictions at all. Some fasting days are observed by Catholic and Orthodox Christians on certain days such as Good Friday or during Lent. In earlier centuries, meat and dairy products were avoided during most of the year, but today it often just means eating fish on a Friday. The ritual of consuming bread and wine (Holy Communion or the Eucharist) is regularly celebrated but its symbolic or actual meaning in relation to the body and blood of Jesus Christ depends on the denomination Islam Islam Islam is the world's second most followed religion It began around 1400 years ago in Arabia, but swiftly become a world faith, and now has around 1.2 billion people "Islam" is an Arabic word which means “surrendering oneself to the will of God” One will achieve peace and security by doing so A person surrenders to the will of Allah by living and thinking in the way Allah has instructed. Islam is more than a system of beliefs. The faith provides a social and legal system and governs things like family life, law and order, ethics, dress, and cleanliness, as well as religious ritual and observance—Islamic Republic Where is Islam practiced? The countries with the largest Islamic populations are not in the Middle East as most would think The largest are Indonesia (170 million), Pakistan (136 million), Bangladesh (105 million), and India (103 million) Islam's three holiest places, the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, are all in the Middle East The present form of Islam began in Arabia in 622 AD It is based on the ministry of a man named Muhammad and on the words that Allah gave to the world through him Muhammad did not found Islam. Islam was created by Allah at the beginning of time, and in fact Muslims regard Adam as the first Muslim Muhammad was the final messenger through whom Allah revealed the faith to the world There had been earlier messengers, among them Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada(witness) is the Muslim profession of faith - "I witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the prophet of Allah" Muslims say this when they wake up in the morning and just before they go to sleep at night 2. Salat (daily prayer) is a prayer ritual performed 5 times a day by all Muslims over the age of 10 Between first light and sunrise After the sun has passed the middle of the sky Between mid-afternoon and sunset Between sunset and the last light of the day Between darkness and dawn 3. Sawm (fasting) is abstaining each day during Ramadan Sawm helps Muslims develop self-control, gain a better understanding of God's gifts and greater compassion towards the deprived. Ramadan is the holiest day for Islam. It marks when Muhammad had the Qur-an revealed to him Sawm is usually described as fasting, but it actually involves abstaining from all bodily pleasures between dawn and sunset Not only is food forbidden, but also things like smoking, chewing gum, negative thoughts and sexual activity 4. Zakat(almsgiving) is giving alms to the poor This is a compulsory gift of 2.5 % of one's savings each year Giving in this way is intended to free Muslims from the love of money It reminds them that everything they have really belongs to God. 4. Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca that all physically/financially able Muslims should make at least once in their life Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims Takes place during days 8-13 of the 12th month of the Islamic Lunar calendar They circle the Kaaba seven times on three occasions, say prayers, drink from a holy spring, walk to Mount Arafat to pray, feast, cast stones at three pillars(to fight Satan’s temptations), shave hair, run seven times between some hills Islamic Law The Sharia outlines all of the laws(comes from the Koran) 5 Major Crimes: theft, highway robbery, intoxication, adultery and falsely accusing another of adultery Sharia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Food Laws Very similar laws to the Jewish kosher foods No alcohol, pork, blood, no pork fat products, scavenger animals Food must be prepared similarly to the Jews Slice to the jugular Drain blood