Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial morphological plasticity wikipedia , lookup
African trypanosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis C wikipedia , lookup
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Germ theory of disease wikipedia , lookup
Globalization and disease wikipedia , lookup
Gross Morbid Anatomy of Ruminants Fabio Del Piero, DVM, DACVP, Assistant Professor Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Tel.: ** 610-444-5800; Fax: ** 610-925-8110; E-mail: [email protected] BOVINE Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments LEUKON and ERYTHRON Spleen Bacterial emboli: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum Thrombosis and infarction Abscesses Thrombosis and infarction From rumenitis, traumatic (hardware) reticulitis, pododermatitis. From abomasal displacement. Lymphoma DD: Myeloproliferative disease. Bone marrow Lymphoma Bovine leukosis retrovirus Lymphoma Bovine leukosis retrovirus Juvenile (non viral) lymphoma Emaciation Multiple organs Clostridium haemolyticum Hemoglobin staining (hemolysis) Multiple organs Thrombocytopenic BVDV-2 Hemorrhagic diathesis Oral cavity Palatoschisis (cleft palate) Palatoschisis (cleft palate) Oral cavity Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis Oral cavity Tongue Fusobacterium necrophorum Actinobacillus lignieresi Necrotizing stomatitis Fibrosing pyogranulomatous glossitis Organisms inoculated by forage within the lingual fossa. Esophagus Esophagus Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Malignant catarrhal fever herpesviruses Papillomatosis Papillomavirus Gongylonemiasis Gongylonema pulchrum Overeating disease Toxic ruminitis secondary to overeating Erosive esophagitis Erosive esophagitis DD: Rinderpest, MCF. DD: BVDV, rinderpest. Papillomas Obstruction in very rare cases. Gongylonemiasis Frequent incidental finding. Necrobacillosis Fusobacterium necrophorum Coagulative necrosis Spleen Spleen Lymph nodes Thymus Lymphoma Lymphoma DD : Bovine leukosis retrovirus Serous atrophy of fat Chronic diseases (TB, Johne’ ds, neoplasia), malnutrition, maldentition. DD: Alliaceae; Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale. DD: Nitrofurazone, vit K antagonists. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Esophagus Esophagus Rumen Rumen Rumen Grain overload Ulcerative and necrotizing (full thickness) ruminitis Sometimes cheilo-palatoschisis. Secondary milk inhalation pneumonia. DD: Rinderpest; vesicular stomatitis, FMD, MCF, bluetongue; Hg. Grain, apples, lowering pH feedstuffs. Bacterial emboli to the liver multiple abscesses (A. pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum). Organ Forestomachs Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments Mycotic ruminitis Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., other Zygomycetes Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Bovine pestivirus Necrohemorrhagic (thrombotic) multifocal omasitis, ruminitis Erosive omasitis Ulcers Sometimes predisposed by BVDV, especially during BVDV-MD. DD: rinderpest, MCF. DD: rinderpest, FMD; mycotoxins (T2). Focal necrotizing reticulitis Trichobezoars Metal foreign body (9-13 cm) with bent end by baling machine. Veal calves licking each other. Paramphistomum cervi Larvae are hematophagic. Abomasum Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) Ruminal endogenous foreign body Paramphistomiasis Paramphistomum cervi *Clostridium spp., Gram negative bacteria, Sarcina spp., Candida spp., Mucor spp. (combinations of the above). Multiple ulcers Abomasum Perforating ulcer Perforating ulcer Abomasum Rupture Rupture Abomasum Multifocal mucosal hyperplasia Lymphoma Multifocal mucosal hyperplasia Lymphoma Enteritis Large intestine Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, pestivirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria bovis and zűrni. Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Cecum Rinderpest morbillivirus Omasum Rumen Reticulum Rumen, abomasum Rumen Abomasum Abomasum Small intestine Small intestine Intestine Intestine Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Rectum Ileocecal valve Small intestine Intestine Necrotizing (necrohemorrhagic) abomasitis Multiple ulcers Stress, nutritional, displacements, infectious agents above* and BVDV. Stress, nutritional, displacements, infectious agents above*. Rare (2 in 5 years), secondary to displacements. Secondary to ulcer repair? Very common location as well as heart, uterus and lymphoid organs. Sometimes combination of agents. Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) enteritis Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) typhlitis Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) typhlitis DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella + BVDV, rinderpest. DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella +BVDV, rinderpest. DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella +BVDV, rinderpest. Intraluminal fibrin cast Necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis with Payer’s patch necrosis As above. DD: Rinderpest, salmonellosis. Linear acute hemorrhages Any cause, including BVD; artifact. Also lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, hepatitis. Johne disease (paratuberculosis) Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome Granulomatous enterotyphlocolitis Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Caseous ulcerative enteritis Intraluminal acute hemorrhage 2 Possible etiologies: Clostridium spp. +/- diet changes. Still unknown. Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Spiral colon Fat necrosis Fat necrosis Rectum Rectal tear Rectal tear Small intestine Taeniasis Monietia spp. Intestinal ascaridiasis Toxocara vitulorum Small intestine Intestine Intestine Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma Mesenteric cyst – Glisson’s capsule cyst Ventral mesenteric cyst Focal lipidosis related to fibrous adhesion blood vessel Liver Diaphragm Liver Liver Liver Telangiectasia Lipidosis, cholestasis and gall bladder dilatation Liver Systemic passive congestion Congestion and diffuse fibrosis. Liver (calf) Systemic passive congestion secondary to Neospora myocarditis Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity Crotalaria, Senecium, Cynoglossum, Heliotropium, Echium,, Amsinckia, Symphytum Congestion and diffuse fibrosis Liver Livers Diffuse severe panlobular fibrosis (cirrhosis) 1) Normal 2) Nutmeg 3) Fibrosing cholangitis Multifocal necrosis Liver Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Liver Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum Multiple abscesses Liver Bacteria Liver Peritoneum Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Septic peritonitis Umbilical and hepatic abscesses (Suppurative omphalitis and hepatitis) Biliary caseous cholangitis Peritoneum Emaciation Peritoneum Fibrinous peritonitis Serous atrophy of fat Fat necrosis 3 Pathogenesis, comments Trauma, congenital (Guernsey, Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15 possible causes). Dorsal, due to rectal palpation or malicious; obstructions. DD: Lymphoma. Congenital; often observed in cloned calves. Fibrous adhesion with blood vessel traction focal mild ischemia focal lipidosis. Older cows; estrogen related? DD: ketosis, endometritis and other infections with endotoxemia; fat cow syndrome. DD: Cardiac (malformation, myocarditis [Neospora], necrosis (bacteria, viruses, ionophores); Pulmonary (pneumonia, thrombosis). DD: see above. Cytopathic effect and mitosis inhibition causing hepatic portal fibrosis with bile duct hyperplasia and megalocytes. Photosensitivity dermatitis. DD # 3: Fascioliasis, calculi. DD: BHV-1 (gray foci), Listeria monocytogenes, other Gramnegative bacteria; autolysis. Ruminitis portal bacterial emboli hepatic abscesses rupture in vena cava 1) no consequences 2) vegetative endocarditis, lung abscess possible erosion of blood vessels exsanguination 3) sudden death due to septic shock. DD: E. coli, Salmonella, A. pyogenes, others; often right side involvement following the veins. Ruptures and perforations with sepsis; septicemia. Malnutrition; chronic diseases; maldentition. Trauma, congenital (Guernsey, Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15 possible causes). Mesentery Peritoneum Lymphoma Carcinomatosis Lymphoma Carcinomatosis Muzzle Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitits Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) Malignant Catarrhal Fever Ovine Herpesvirus-2 Erosive mucocutaneous dermatitis and gingivitis (and rhinitis) Erosive mucocutaneous dermatitis and gingivitis (and rhinitis) Cystic glands DD: BVDV, MCF, rinderpest, bluetongue. Larynx Haemophilus somnus Ulcer Ulcer Entry of infection. Larynx-pharynx Balling gun injury Necrotizing pharyngitis and laryngitis with intralesional exogenous foreign body (boli) Trachea Mycotic tracheitis Multifocal necrohemorrhagic tracheitis Trachea Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Bovine herpesvirus 1 and secondary bacteria Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis From uterine or intestinal adenocarcinoma. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Muzzle Sinuses Lungs Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Lung Rib cage Lung Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Pneumonic “mannheimiosis” (shipping fever) Mannheimia haemolytica Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Lung Exsanguination and agonal respiratory distress. Common. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp. Cranioventral (suppurative) hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia DD: Pasteurella multocida, thrombocytopenic BVDV-2. Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis and abscesses DD: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Haemophilus spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes. DD: Parainfluenza 3 virus (little pathogenic), BVDV. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp. Possible severe pleuritis with bacterial thoracic empyema. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes. DD: Mannheimia haemolytica; Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes. PPLO = pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (PPLO) Fibrinous pleuritis Arcanobacterium pyogenes Secondary to BVDV-MD. Anemia and interstitial emphysema Cranioventral (suppurative) bronchopneumonia Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Pneumovirus Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Lung DD: BVDV, BHV-1, rinderpest, bluetongue. Cranioventral hemorrhagic and necrotizing pneumonia (sequestrum formation) Fibrinous pleuritis and abscesses Necrosuppurative and fibrinous broncho-pnemonia with pleuritis (and interstitial edema with lymphatic thrombosis) As above with renal infarcts (containing PPLO) Abscess 4 Organ Etiology/Disease Lung Gross Diagnosis Lung Pulmonary artery rupture and hemorrhage (Septic) thrombus Lung Focal gangrenous pneumonia Lung Inhalation (ab ingestis) pneumonia Mycotic pneumonia Aspergillus spp. Rhyzopus, others Zygomycetes; Proliferative pneumonia Secondary to bacterial and/or viral pneumonia Allergic pneumonia Micropolyspora faeni Diffuse pneumonia Trachea and bronchi Bronchial lymph nodes and lung Dictyocaulus viviparus Lymphoma Catarrhal tracheobronchitis Lymphoma Heart Heart Emaciation Lung Lung Lung Multifocal necrotizing pneumonia Proliferative pneumonia Proliferative (eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic)pneumonia Pathogenesis, comments Secondary to vegetative septic endocarditis. Secondary to septic thrombus DD: Inhalation (ab ingestis) pneumonia. Iatrogenic (stomach tube). Rarely predisposed by leukopenic salmonellosis and/or BVDV. DD: Tryptophan (3-metyl indole), moldy sweet potatoes, perilla mint; ascarid migration. Bovine equivalent of farmer’s lung. DD: Toxocara vitulorum migration, Hypoderma spp. larvae migration. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Serous atrophy of fat Epicardial granulation tissue Heart valves Serous lymphatic cyst Heart valve Hematic vascular cyst Heart Incomplete subaortic stenotic fibrotic ring Heart Interventricular septal defect Heart Interventricular septal defect and abscesses Vegetative valvular (septic) endocarditis Heart valve Heart Traumatic septic pericarditis Hardware disease Heart Heart Jugular vein Lymphoma Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis Fibrosing dilatative cardiomyopathy Lymphoma (Septic) thrombosis 5 Epicardial-pericardial serosal friction. Frequent incidental finding. Segmental closure of lymphatic circulation. Increasing in number with age. Segmental closure of blood vessels. Increasing in number with age, sometimes present at birth. Congenital. DD: jet fibrotic lesion secondary to valvular dysplasia. Common, often compatible with life. Valvular dysplasia bacteremia (foot abscess, mastitis, etc.) fibrin thrombi bacterial proliferation VVE emboli to lung (RV), emboli to kidney and other sites (LV). DD: septicemia in calves (rare). Genetic. Brown Swiss, Japanese black cattle, Angus, SimmenthalHolstein, Holstein. Especially on the right side; frequent location as well as abomasum, lymphoid organs and uterus. Venipuncture with bacteremia/septicemia. Lung embolism abscesses, gangrenous pneumonia. Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Large splanchnic vein Thrombosis Pulmonary artery Rupture with acute hemorrhage Uterine artery Ruminal artery Vena cava Suppurative perforation of adjacent abscess Aorta Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) Mineralization Skeletal muscle White muscle disease (Enzootic myopathy) Vit. E and Se responsive disease Necrosis and mineralization Skeletal muscle Black leg Clostridium chauvoei Gangrenous myositis Pathogenesis, comments Sepsis (A.pyogenes); abomasal displacements. Vascular dysplasia (aneurism, dysgenesis of elastic fibers [copper deficiency, lathyrism]). May occur in small epizootics. Consequences: 1) none 2) septic shock 3) vegetative endocarditis 4) lung abscesses. Sporadic, cause unknown. DD: Vitamin D poisoning: Cestrum diurnum, Solanum malacoxylon, Trisetum flavescens). SKELETAL MUSCLE Coccygeal mm. Skeletal muscle Caudal ascending gangrenous myositis Also heart and tongue. DD: toxic plants Vitamin D poisoning: Cestrum diurnum, Solanum malacoxylon, Trisetum flavescens). Compression necrosis (compartmental syndrome). Spores in the muscle trauma (other) proliferation toxins vascular necrosis hemorrhage ischemia and necrosis. DD: Malignant edema (Cl. septicum), Docking secondary bacterial infection. Cysticercosis Cysticercus bovis (larva of Taenia saginata) URINARY SYSTEM Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidneys Kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Bacillary hemoglobinuria Clostridium haemolyticum. Babesiosis, Babesia bovis “White Spotted Kidney” Gram negative bacteria Corynebacterium renale Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Lymphoma Lymphoma Lymphoma A. pyogenes Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) and papillomavirus Unilateral agenesis, hydronephrosis and hydroureter Multifocal (ischemic) necrosis Congenital (compatible with a couple of years of life). Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric) tubular necrosis Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric) tubular necrosis. DD: Babesiosis, anaplasmosis; myoglobinuria due to myopathy. DD: Anaplasma marginale, Clostridium haemolyticum; myoglobinuria due to myopathy. DD: Theileria parva, Leptospira. Multifocal (interstitial lymphocytic) nephritis Lipidosis, infarct, cysts Bilateral pyelonephritis Granulomatous nephritis Lymphoma Lymphoma Lymphoma Abscess Adenocarcinoma 6 Also granuloma blood vessel obstruction infarct. DD: C. renale. Organ Calf Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis BONE Chondrodysplasia (Bulldog calf) Carpus Joint Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tibia Jaw Ribs Actinomyces bovis (“lumpy jaw”) Ca:P imbalance Vertebrae Metatarsus Degenerative joint disease Metatarsus Ribs (calf) Skull Dwarfism Cerebellum Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Suppurative arthritis Fibrinosuppurative osteoarthritis Necrotizing physeal chondritisosteomyelitis Chronic pyogranulomatoous osteolytic osteomyelitis Linear osteodystrophy (osteodystrophic lines) Spondilosis (Degenerative) osteoarthropathy (with subcondral eburnation) Metaphyseal fracture Multiple chronic fractures with calluses Dysplastic cranial parietal bones Pathogenesis, comments Severe inherited ossification defect with cartilage persistence. Secondary to septicemia DD: Mycoplasma spp. (clearer fluid). Dystocia. NERVOUS SYSTEM Cerebellum Brain Brain Brain Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency Dysplasia –hypoplasia –aplasia Edema with caudal displacement (occipital herniation) and coning Cerebrocortical polioenecephalomalacia Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) Haemophilus somnus. Escherichia coli Multifocal necrosuppurative thrombotic meningoencephalitis Fibrinosuppurative meningitis Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Malacia (necrosuppurative meningorhombencephalitis) Arcanobacterium pyogenes Abscess Lymphoma Schwannoma Eye Lymphoma Schwannomatosis (former neurofibromatosis) Bacteria Eye Conjunctiva BHV-1 Brain Brainstem Pituitary gland Brain Pachymeninges Nerve Cornea Cornea – 3rd eyelid Malignant Catarrhal Fever Hypopion (anterior chamber fibrinosuppurative ophthalmitis) Dehydration Conjuctivitis Keratitis with opacity Squamous cell carcinoma FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovary Granulosa cell tumor 7 DD: Bluetongue, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino). Vit B1 cofactor in oxaloacetate metabolism in Krebs cycle. Causes: Ruminal Bacillus thiaminolyticus, ruminal sulfates, poor diet. Wood’s lamp identification. Also septicemia, pneumonia, abortion, polyarthritis, tracheal ulcers. DD: A. pyogenes, other Gram negative bacteria; secondary to septicemia. DD: MCF, rinderpest, bluetongue, Moraxella bovis, Chlamydophila. Organ Uterus Uterus Uterus Etiology/Disease Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tritrichomoniasis Tritrichomonas foetus Uterus Gross Diagnosis Torsion of pregnant uterus Necrotizing endometritis Pyometra Uterus Retained placenta with suppurative endometritis Retained placenta with exudate concretions Adventitial placentation with caruncle hypoplasia Caseous (granulomatous) metritis Adenocarcinoma Vagina Ulcerative vaginitis Uterus Uterus Uterus Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Pathogenesis, comments DD: E. coli, other gram negative and gram positive bacteria; opportunistic BHV-4. DD: A. pyogenes. Secondary to endometrial necrosis. Also salpingitis Rapidly metastasizes to the lungs; small size, well differentiated or anaplastic. Parturition trauma (dystocia). PLACENTA and FETUS Bovine placenta Allantoic calculus (“boomane”) Amnion Normal Amniotic plaques Brain Brain Cerebellum Bluetongue orbiviruses Fetus Bovine pestivirus Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia Porencephaly Hydranencephaly Dysplasia –Hypoplasia – Aplasia Multiple malformations Head Bluetongue orbiviruses Craniofacial malformations Chorioallantois Brucellosis Brucella abortus Necrosuppurative (and granulomatous) chorionitis Polyserositis and hepatomegaly (granulomatous hepatitis) Polyserositis Chronic necrosuppurative chorionitis Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Fetus Fetus Chorioallatois Fetus Fetus Fetus Heart and liver Escherichia coli Chlamydiosis (Enzootic abortion) Chlamydophila abortus Epizootic abortion Borrelia spp. Mycotic abortion Neosporosis Neospora caninum Granulomatous (hepatitis) and lymphadenitis Hyperkeratotic dermatitis Anasarca Incidental finding. DD: BVDV, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino) DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino). DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino), Veratrum californicum (false ellebore). DD: BVDV, Bunyaviruses (Akabane, Aino), Veratrum californicum (false ellebore). Soft caramel candy exudate. DD: Campylobacter spp. DD: Brucella. DD: Brucella, Campylobacter, Bacillus. Transmitted by Ornithodorus tick. DD: Chlamydophila abortus. Chlamydiaceae were previously suspected as a possible cause of this abortion. DD: Viruses. Myocarditis and hepatic congestion and fibrosis MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Tunica vaginalis Mesothelioma 8 Sporadic in young bulls. Progressive growth toward the Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments peritoneal serosa. Glans penis Glans penis Papillomavirus Fibropapilloma Persistent frenulum SKIN Skin Mammary skin Foot Herpetic mammillitis Bovine herpesvirus 3. (BHV-3) Bovine pestivirus (BVDV) Foot Scrotum Malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus (AlHV1; OHV-2) Foot Acute laminitis Skin Mycotic dermatitis Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp. Cutaneous myiasis (Hypodermosis) Hypoderma bovis Lymphoma Mast cell tumor Schwannomatosis (former neurofibromatosis) Mycobacterium avium complex Skin Skin Skin Skin Skin Leukotrichia Ulcerative mammary dermatitis Interdigital erosive and ulcerative dermatitis Chronic erosive and ulcerative dermatitis and coronitis. Chronic erosive and ulcerative scrotal dermatitis Keratogenic laminar necrosis and detachment (with third phalanx sinking and/ or rotation) Trauma ? DD: Bluetongue, FMD, parapox. DD: MCF, rinderpest, FMD, bacteria. DD: BVDV, bluetongue, FMD, rinderpest, caustic poisons (NaOH). Endotoxemia, pneumonia, endogenous and iatrogenic corticosteroids, fever, plant alkaloids. 1) vasconstriction or thrombosis with ischemic necrosis 2) increased perfusion with activation of metalloproteinases. Multifocal pyogranulomatous dermatitis Eosinophilic dermatitis. Lymphoma Mast cell tumor Schwannoma Caseous granulomatous dermatitis DD: Lymphoma DD: TB (M.bovis) MAMMARY GLAND Streptococcus uberis Acute mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Focal mastitis with dermal gangrene Gangrenous mastitis Necrosuppurative mastitis Mammary gland Mycotic mastitis 9 DD: A. pyogenes, Mycoplasma, E.coli, Nocardia, fungus. Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis Pathogenesis, comments OVINE and CAPRINE Oral cavity Contagious ecthyma (Orf) Parapoxvirus Haemonchosis Haemonchus spp. Proliferative papular cheilitis and stomatitis Hemorrhagic abomasitis DD: FMD. Small intestine Intestine Escherichia coli Johne disease (paratuberculosis) Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. DD: Clostridium spp. Small intestine Coccidiosis Eimeria spp. Enteritis Granulomatous enterotyphlocolitis, lymphadenitis and lymphangitis with serous atrophy of fat Multifocal proliferative enteritis (Signet ring) adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis Atresia Lipidosis Hepatic lipidosis and fat necrosis. Metabolic disease Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, ketonuria, weakness and blindness. Rapid grow of twin or triplet fetuses, declining nutrition and stress. Septicemia, Rhombencephalitis, abortion. DD: other bacterial embolic showers. Abomasum Small intestine Anus Mesentery Liver Cysticercus tenuicollis (Taenia hydatigena) Pregnancy toxemia. Liver Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Liver Dicrocoeliosis Dicrocoelium dendriticum Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica Fascioliasis Fascioloides magna Hydatidosis Echinococcous g. granulosus Copper poisoning Liver Liver Liver Liver Kidney Kidney Kidney Congenital C3 deficiency Kidney Clostridiosis (“pulpy kidney”) Kidney Ethmoid Nasal cavities Lung Lung Multiple microabscesses (multifocal suppurative hepatitis) Necrotizing hepatitis Hepatic necrosis and cholestasis Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric) tubular necrosis Tubular necrosis Also bottlejaw edema and severer anemia (pale). Synergistic effect on Clostridium novy Also lung. DD: E. multilocularis. Excessive Cu++ accumulation in hepatocytes necrosis and Cu++ release hemolysis renal tubular pigmentary necrosis. DD: Hg, plant toxicity (oak). Membranous glomerulonephritis Precocious autolysis Hydronephrosis Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma Retrovirus type A Oestrus ovis Caseous lymphadenitis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Ovine progressive pneumonia Ovine retrovirus Adenocarcinoma Catarrhal rhinitis Caseous pneumonia Chronic proliferative pneumonia 10 1) pneumonia 2) encephalitis 3) mastitis 4) polyartritis. Organ Etiology/Disease Lung Verminous bronchopneumonia Muellerius capillaris Dictyocaulus filaria Lung Sheep pox Ovine poxvirus Pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever) Pasteurella multocida Contagious bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of sheep (adenomatosis) Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) Lung Lung Joint Gross Diagnosis Dorsal multifocal (lymphocytic and eosinophilic) bronchopneumonia Multifocal necrotizing and granulomatous pneumonia Cranioventral suppurative bronchopneumonia Pathogenesis, comments DD: sheep pox DD: Verminous pneumonia chronic arthritis CAE retrovirus Skull Verminous encephalitis Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis Brain Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency Cerebrocortical polioenecephalomalacia Brain Clostridium perfringens type D Cenurosis Coenurus cerebralis (Taenia multiceps) Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia Brain Newborns Causes malacia in sheep and camelids during migration. Fetal diarrhea and arthrogryposis (Congenital) goiter Fetus Vit B1 cofactor in oxalacetate metabolism in Krebs cycle. Causes: Ruminal Bacillus thiaminolyticus, ruminal sulfates, poor diet. Associated with joint laxity. Brain Brain Bluetongue Hydranencephaly Hypoplasia- Dysplasia Brain Copper deficiency Flat gyri (hypomielination) DD: BVDV, Akabane, Weelbron’s ds, RVF, Chace Valley. DD: border disease Chorioallantois and fetus Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Query (Q) fever Coxiella burnetii Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter spp. Actinobacillus seminis Chorion necrosis and fetal mummification Necrotizing chorionitis DD: Chlamydophila abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Brucella ovis. Chalky exudate Multifocal necrosis Almost pathognomonic. Suppurative epididymitis DD: Brucella ovis, others bacteria. DD: Brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, C. pseudotuberculosis. Chorioallantois Fetus liver Epididymis Testis Orchitis Testis M. gland Caprine retrovirus Thymus Thymoma (thymic carcinoma) Mineralization Chronic mastitis 11 1) encephalomyelitis 2) polyarthritis 3) mastitis 4) pneumonia. DD: Mycoplasma spp. DD: lymphoma Organ Etiology/Disease Gross Diagnosis 12 Pathogenesis, comments